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Process-based models open the way to useful predictions of the future growth rate of forests and provide a means of assessing the probable effects of variations in climate and management on forest productivity. As such they have the potential to overcome the limitations of conventional forest growth and yield models, which are based on mensuration data and assume that climate and atmospheric CO2 concentrations will be the same in the future as they are now. This book discusses the basic physiological processes that determine the growth of plants, the way they are affected by

Forest ecology. --- Trees.

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Process-based models open the way to useful predictions of the future growth rate of forests and provide a means of assessing the probable effects of variations in climate and management on forest productivity. As such they have the potential to overcome the limitations of conventional forest growth and yield models, which are based on mensuration data and assume that climate and atmospheric CO2 concentrations will be the same in the future as they are now. This book discusses the basic physiological processes that determine the growth of plants, the way they are affected by environmental factors and how we can improve processes that are well-understood such as growth from leaf to stand level and productivity. A theme that runs through the book is integration to show a clear relationship between photosynthesis, respiration, plant nutrient requirements, transpiration, water relations and other factors affecting plant growth that are often looked at separately. This integrated approach will provide the most comprehensive source for process-based modelling, which is valuable to ecologists, plant physiologists, forest planners and environmental scientists. * Includes explanations of inherently mathematical models are aided by the use of graphs and diagrams illustrating causal interactions, and by examples implemented as Excel spread sheets * Uses process-based model as a framework for explaining the mechanisms underlying plant growth * Integrated approach provides a clear and relatively simple treatment * Includes access to electronic and printed spreadsheet examples of the variations of the ecophsyiological model.

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The pandemic is not over, and the health and economic losses continue to grow. It is now evident that COVID-19 will be with us for the long term, and there are very different scenarios for how it could evolve, from a mild endemic scenario to a dangerous variant scenario. This realization calls for a new strategy that manages both the uncertainty and the long-term risks of COVID-19. There are four key policy implications of such as strategy. First, we need to achieve equitable access beyond vaccines to encompass a comprehensive toolkit. Second, we must monitor the evolving virus and dynamically upgrade the toolkit. Third, we must transition from the acute response to a sustainable strategy toward COVID-19, balanced and integrated with other health and social priorities. Fourth, we need a unified risk-mitigation approach to future infectious disease threats beyond COVID-19. Infectious diseases with pandemic potential are a threat to global economic and health security. The international community should recognize that its pandemic financing addresses a systemic risk to the global economy, not just the development need of a particular country. Accordingly, it should allocate additional funding to fight pandemics and strengthen health systems both domestically and overseas. This will require about $15 billion in grants this year and $10 billion annually after that.

Macroeconomics --- Economics: General --- Diseases: Contagious --- Health Policy --- Demography --- Publicly Provided Goods: General --- Health: General --- Industry Studies: Manufacturing: General --- Economic Growth and Aggregate Productivity: General --- Health Behavior --- Analysis of Health Care Markets --- Demographic Economics: General --- Economic & financial crises & disasters --- Economics of specific sectors --- Infectious & contagious diseases --- Health economics --- Health systems & services --- Population & demography --- Financial crises --- Economic sectors --- COVID-19 --- Health --- Communicable diseases --- Health care --- Population and demographics --- Currency crises --- Informal sector --- Economics --- Medical care --- Population

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Introduction : the imperative for global investment in influenza vaccines -- The existing global governance landscape for influenza vaccines -- Pathogen sharing for influenza vaccine production -- Technology and manufacturing partnerships -- Influenza vaccine access and financing -- Recommendations and the path forward.

Influenza.