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Archeology --- Regional documentation --- Economic geography --- Sociology, Rural --- Hierarchies --- Human settlements --- Social history --- Archaeology, Medieval --- Sociologie rurale --- Hiérarchie --- Etablissements humains --- Histoire sociale --- Archéologie médiévale --- Congresses --- History --- Congrès --- Histoire --- 902 <08> --- Habitat, Human --- Human habitat --- Settlements, Human --- Human ecology --- Human geography --- Population --- Sociology --- Land settlement --- Order --- Congresses. --- Archeologie--Verzamelwerken. Reeksen --- Conferences - Meetings --- 902 <08> Archeologie--Verzamelwerken. Reeksen --- Hiérarchie --- Archéologie médiévale --- Congrès --- Rural development --- Regional planning --- History&delete&

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In presenting the conference papers on the theme of food in the medieval countryside, Ruralia has managed to present a most useful platform in which mainstream archaeologists, historians and environmental specialists can exchange information and discuss similar issues from across Europe. The paradigms for understanding the dynamic of medieval society are seeing significant change. We increasingly understand the subtleties of the many and diverse influences that affected the production of food throughout the period. Regional variation emerges as a key observation, where different places are able to develop their own unique character, and how such exploitation can change over time. In addition to the more traditional model of subsistence economies, there is greater recognition of the market economy although views still differ on how early we can see the evidence for integrated markets. It is within this context that the distinctions between rural and urban become less clear. The interrelationships between both landscapes are being studied and will become a dominant theme over the next decade.The 33 presentations that constitute he papers arising from the present conference reflect the different approaches being pursued across the discipline.

History of Europe --- Food science and technology --- anno 500-1499 --- Archaeology, Medieval --- Archaeology, Medieval. --- Ernährung. --- Food habits --- Food habits. --- Food supply --- Food supply. --- Food --- Food. --- Konservering (livsmedel) --- Lebensmittelmarkt. --- Lebensmittelverarbeitung. --- Lebensmittelverbrauch. --- Livsmedel --- Livsmedelsindustri --- Livsmedelskontroll --- Livsmedelsteknik --- Mittelalterliche Archäologie. --- History --- Storage. --- historia --- To 1500. --- Europe. --- Habitudes alimentaires --- Aliments --- Archéologie médiévale --- Storage --- Histoire --- Approvisionnement --- Entreposage --- Stored products --- Food control --- Produce trade --- Agriculture --- Food security --- Single cell proteins --- Foods --- Primitive societies --- Dinners and dining --- Home economics --- Table --- Cooking --- Diet --- Dietaries --- Gastronomy --- Nutrition --- Eating --- Food customs --- Foodways --- Human beings --- Habit --- Manners and customs --- Oral habits

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For the first time seasonality is placed at the centre of the study of rural settlement. Using a Europe-wide approach, it provides a primer of examples, of techniques and of ideas for the identification and understanding of seasonal settlement. As such, it marks an important new step in the interpretation of the use of the countryside by historic communities linked to the annual passage of the year. The particular studies are introduced by an opening essay which draws wider conclusions about the study of seasonal settlement, followed by 31 papers by authors from all parts of Europe and beyond. By its very nature ephemeral, seasonal settlement in the medieval and early modern periods is less well researched than permanent settlement. It is often presumed that seasonal settlement is the result of transhumance, but it was only one facet of seasonal settlement. It was also necessitated by other forms of economic activity, such as fishing, charcoal-burning, or iron-smelting, including settlements of pastoralists such as nomads, drovers, herders as well as labourers' huts within the farming context. The season a settlement was occupied varied from one activity to another and from one place to another--summer is good for grazing in many mountainous areas, but winter proved best for some industrial processes. While upland and mountainous settlements built of stone are easily recognised, those that use wood and more perishable materials are less obvious. Despite this, the settlements of nomadic pastoralists in both tundra and desert or of fishermen in the Baltic region are nonetheless identifiable. Yet for all that definitive recognition of seasonal settlement is rarely possible on archaeological grounds alone. Although material remains can be of particular importance, generally it is the combination of documentary information, ethnography, geographical context and palaeo-environmental data that provide frameworks for interpreting seasonal settlements.

Antiquities. --- Excavations (Archaeology) --- Excavations (Archaeology). --- Fouilles (Archéologie) --- Human settlements --- Human settlements. --- Saisons --- Seasons --- Seasons. --- Établissements humains --- History --- Histoire --- History --- Histoire --- Since 476. --- Europe --- Europe --- Europe --- Europe --- Europe --- Europe --- Europe. --- Antiquities. --- Antiquités. --- Histoire --- Histoire --- History --- History