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China's increasing integration with the global economy has contributed to sustained growth in international trade. Its exports have become more diversified, and greater penetration of industrial country markets has been accompanied by a surge in China's imports from all regions-especially Asia, where China plays an increasingly central role in regional specialization. Tariff reforms have been implemented in China since the 1980s; and, with its recent WTO accession, China has committed itself to additional reforms that are farreaching and challenging. Sustained implementation of these commitments would further deepen China's international integration and generate benefits for most partner countries.
International trade --- External trade --- Foreign commerce --- Foreign trade --- Global commerce --- Global trade --- Trade, International --- World trade --- Commerce --- International economic relations --- Non-traded goods --- World Trade Organization --- Exports and Imports --- Taxation --- Trade Policy --- International Trade Organizations --- Empirical Studies of Trade --- Economic Integration --- Trade: General --- International economics --- Public finance & taxation --- Exports --- Imports --- Export performance --- Tariffs --- Trade balance --- Taxes --- Tariff --- Balance of trade --- China, People's Republic of
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Over the past decade, Indonesia has developed into an important regional and global economy, as well as an active participant in the G20. The chapters in this book document the substantial improvements in the quality of macroeconomic policy that Indonesia has achieved, while also clearly laying out an agenda of measures that should be taken to safeguard these gains and further lower vulnerabilities going forward. Rather than just demonstrating progress in key macroeconomic indicators, the contributors have delved into the ways that global volatility, especially since 2008, has affected Indonesia and how that country has adjusted its policies to meet the new challenges.
Economic conditions. Economic development --- Public finance --- Indonesia --- Inflation (Finance) --- Monetary policy --- Fiscal policy --- Debts, Public --- Foreign exchange reserves --- Corporate governance --- Inflation --- Politique monétaire --- Politique fiscale --- Dettes publiques --- Réserves de change --- Gouvernance d'entreprise --- Indonésie --- Economic policy. --- Politique économique --- Corporations --- Business & Economics --- Economic History --- Politique monétaire --- Réserves de change --- Indonésie --- Politique économique --- Currency reserves, Foreign --- Foreign currency reserves --- Foreign reserves (Foreign exchange reserves) --- International reserves (Foreign exchange reserves) --- Reserves, Foreign exchange --- Debts, Government --- Government debts --- National debts --- Public debt --- Public debts --- Sovereign debt --- Business corporations --- C corporations --- Corporations, Business --- Corporations, Public --- Limited companies --- Publicly held corporations --- Publicly traded corporations --- Public limited companies --- Stock corporations --- Subchapter C corporations --- Governance, Corporate --- Finance, Public --- Reserves (Accounting) --- Finance --- Natural rate of unemployment --- Debt --- Bonds --- Deficit financing --- Business enterprises --- Corporate power --- Disincorporation --- Stocks --- Trusts, Industrial --- Industrial management --- Directors of corporations --- E-books --- Banks and Banking --- Corporate Finance --- Exports and Imports --- Public Finance --- Price Level --- Deflation --- Energy: Demand and Supply --- Prices --- Banks --- Depository Institutions --- Micro Finance Institutions --- Mortgages --- Debt Management --- Sovereign Debt --- Corporate Finance and Governance: General --- Monetary Policy --- Macroeconomics --- International economics --- Public finance & taxation --- Banking --- Ownership & organization of enterprises --- Corporate sector --- Energy subsidies --- Economic sectors --- Reserve positions --- Central banks --- Expenditure --- Banks and banking --- Expenditures, Public
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The Gambia, one of the least developed countries in Africa, has been pursuing corrective economic policies since 1985, aimed at restroing financial stability and laying the basis for strong and sustainable economic growth. Supported by IMF policy advice and financing. The Gambia's economic performance has improved considerably since 1985. This study discusses Gambian adjustment policies and their benefits.
International finance --- Gambia --- Structural adjustment (Economic policy) --- 338.22 <665> --- -338 --- 338.2 --- (665.1) --- $?$93/02 --- politique economique --- croissance economique --- investissements --- balance des paiements --- politique monetaire --- politique fiscale --- economie de marche libre --- afrique --- GM / Gambia - Gambie --- 331.30 --- 331.33 --- 330.05 --- 338.96651 --- Economic policy --- Economische organisatieleer. Economisch beleid. Economische politiek--?<665> --- economisch beleid --- economische groei --- investeringen --- betalingsbalans --- monetair beleid --- fiscaal beleid --- vrije markteconomie --- afrika --- Economische toestand. --- Structureel beleid. Reglementering. Dereglementering. Ordnungspolitik. --- Working papers --- 338.22 <665> Economische organisatieleer. Economisch beleid. Economische politiek--?<665> --- 338 --- Economische toestand --- Structureel beleid. Reglementering. Dereglementering. Ordnungspolitik --- Structural adjustment (Economic policy) - Gambia --- Banks and Banking --- Exports and Imports --- Foreign Exchange --- Macroeconomics --- Public Finance --- National Government Expenditures and Related Policies: General --- Nonprofit Organizations and Public Enterprise: General --- Banks --- Depository Institutions --- Micro Finance Institutions --- Mortgages --- Monetary Policy, Central Banking, and the Supply of Money and Credit: General --- Public finance & taxation --- Public ownership --- nationalization --- Currency --- Foreign exchange --- Banking --- International economics --- Public enterprises --- Expenditure --- Current spending --- Total expenditures --- Economic sectors --- Commercial banks --- Financial institutions --- Expenditures, Public --- Government business enterprises --- Banks and banking --- Civil service --- Gambia, The --- Nationalization
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This paper reviews the issues involved in moving towards greater exchange rate flexibility and capital account liberalization in China. A more flexible exchange rate regime would allow China to operate a more independent monetary policy, providing a useful buffer against domestic and external shocks. At the same time, weaknesses in China’s financial system suggest that capital account liberalization poses significant risks and should be a lower priority in the short term. This paper concludes that greater exchange rate flexibility is in China’s own interest and that, along with a more stable and robust financial system, it should be regarded as a prerequisite for undertaking a substantial liberalization of the capital account.
Exports and Imports --- Foreign Exchange --- Current Account Adjustment --- Short-term Capital Movements --- International Investment --- Long-term Capital Movements --- Currency --- Foreign exchange --- International economics --- Exchange rate flexibility --- Capital controls --- Capital account liberalization --- Capital account --- Exchange rate arrangements --- Balance of payments --- Capital movements --- China, People's Republic of
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