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From the twelfth century, a growing sense of cultural confidence in the Latin West (at the same time that the central lands of Islam suffered from numerous waves of conquest and devastation) was accompanied by the increasing importance of the genre of empirical ethnographies. From a a global perspective what is most distinctive of Europe is the genre's long-term impact rather than its mere empirical potential, or its ethnocentrism (all of which can also be found in China and in Islamic cultures). Hence what needs emphasizing is the multiplication of original writings over time, their increased circulation, and their authoritative status as a 'scientific' discourse. The empirical bent was more characteristic of travel accounts than of theological disputations - in fact, the less elaborate the theological discourse, the stronger the ethnographic impulse (although many travel writers were clerics). This anthology of classic articles in the history of medieval ethnographies illustrates this theme with reference to the contexts and genres of travel writing, the transformation of enduring myths (ranging from oriental marvels to the virtuous ascetics of India or Prester John), the practical expression of particular encounters from the Mongols to the Atlantic, and the various attempts to explain cultural differences, either through the concept of barbarism, or through geography and climate.

Comparative literature --- Thematology --- Ethnology. Cultural anthropology --- anno 500-1499 --- Europe --- Ethnology --- Travel, Medieval. --- Travel writing --- Ethnicity --- Anthropologie sociale et culturelle --- Voyage --- Ethnicité --- History --- Histoire --- Art d'écrire --- Intellectual life. --- Vie intellectuelle --- Ethnicité --- Art d'écrire --- Travel, Medieval --- Travel --- Authorship --- Civilization, Medieval --- Cultural anthropology --- Ethnography --- Races of man --- Social anthropology --- Anthropology --- Human beings --- Ethnic identity --- Group identity --- Cultural fusion --- Multiculturalism --- Cultural pluralism --- History and criticism --- Identité collective --- Ethnologie --- Moyen âge --- Jusque 1500

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This book, first published in 2000, offers a wide-ranging and ambitious analysis of how European travellers in India developed their perceptions of ethnic, political and religious diversity over three hundred years. It analyses the growth of novel historical and philosophical concerns, from the early and rare examples of medieval travellers such as Marco Polo, through to the more sophisticated narratives of seventeenth-century observers - religious writers such as Jesuit missionaries, or independent antiquarians such as Pietro della Valle. The book's approach combines the detailed contextual analysis of individual narratives with an original long-term interpretation of the role of cross-cultural encounters in the European Renaissance. An extremely wide range of European sources is discussed, including the often neglected but extremely important Iberian and Italian sources. However, the book also discusses a number of non-European sources, Muslim and Hindu, thereby challenging simplistic interpretations of western 'orientalism'.

Ethnology --- Cultural anthropology --- Ethnography --- Races of man --- Social anthropology --- Anthropology --- Human beings --- History. --- India, South --- India, Southern --- South India --- Southern India --- Description and travel. --- History --- Ethnology. Cultural anthropology --- Europe --- India: South --- Arts and Humanities

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Culture --- Ethnic relations --- Inter-ethnic relations --- Interethnic relations --- Relations among ethnic groups --- Acculturation --- Assimilation (Sociology) --- Ethnic groups --- Ethnology --- Social problems --- Sociology --- Minorities --- Race relations --- Cultural sociology --- Sociology of culture --- Civilization --- Popular culture --- History --- Social aspects --- Europe --- Council of Europe countries --- Eastern Hemisphere --- Eurasia --- Colonies. --- History of civilization

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On sait la nature ambivalente des Lumières, maniant la « raison » comme une arme à double tranchant pour défendre la liberté tout en légitimant le colonialisme, l’hégémonie, les idées de race et on connaît l’ardeur des débats qu’elles ont suscités d’hier à aujourd’hui. Peut-on parler de « Lumières indiennes », comme on parle des revendications pour des Lumières radicales, botaniques, orientalistes, écossaises, françaises et catholiques ? Quel rôle a été assigné à l’Inde dans la construction de l’autorité suprême européenne des Lumières invoquée par les philosophes encyclopédistes sur l’univers ? C’est le projet de ce volume que de situer l’Inde dans le mouvement intellectuel des Lumières en tant que moment historique, mais aussi en tant que laboratoire de pratiques épistémologiques. Rendant hommage à l’historienne Sylvia Murr en élargissant son champ d’investigation, ce recueil favorise de nouvelles perspectives croisées dans l’interprétation du rôle des Lumières par rapport à l’Inde émanant de chercheurs portugais, italiens, français, anglais, américains, indiens du sous-continent ou de la diaspora qui conjuguent des disciplines telles que l’histoire, l’histoire des sciences, l’histoire de l’art, l’anthropologie et la philologie. Chez chacun d’entre eux, les sources indiennes ont stimulé le re-pensé des notions opératoires et émergentes telles que civilité, civilisation, race, sexe, religion, etc. Ainsi, à la variété des approches ici présentées correspondent à certains égards l’ampleur et la diversité des programmes proposés par les Lumières.

Enlightenment --- Intellectuals --- India --- Intellectual life. --- Civilization --- Western influences. --- Intelligentsia --- Persons --- Social classes --- Specialists --- Aufklärung --- Eighteenth century --- Philosophy, Modern --- Rationalism --- Bharat --- Bhārata --- Government of India --- Ḣindiston Respublikasi --- Inde --- Indië --- Indien --- Indii︠a︡ --- Indland --- Indo --- Republic of India --- Sāthāranarat ʻIndīa --- Yin-tu --- インド --- هند --- Индия --- Enlightenment - India --- Intellectuals - India --- India - Intellectual life --- India - Civilization - Western influences --- orientalism --- philosophy --- colonialism --- 18th century --- despotism