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Credit is the oxygen of every society. In many cases we wonder why the rabbis prohibit certain business credit transactions considering them usury. The writer uses literary and epigraphic sources to decipher the rabbinic approach. This book shows how rabbinic legislation innovatively expand the Torah prohibition of usury in loans to all fields of credit. It is a pioneering inquiry regarding rabbinic literature compiled under Roman and Sasanid rule, helping to fill the void in research concerning credit. It also distinguishes various kinds of credit differentiating credit of money for money, or products, exposing the ramifications of the rabbinic legislation.

Interest (Jewish law) --- Jews --- Economic conditions. --- Talmud --- Criticism, interpretation, etc.

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Polish-Lithuanian Jewry was the center of the early modern Jewish world, and the most outstanding symbol of its glory was the famous Jewish autonomy. In spite of the considerable attention that scholars have paid to the Council of the Four Lands, surprisingly little information was available from the Jewish autonomous institutions in the Polish-Lituanian Commonwealth. This changed, however, with the discovery of the complete corpus of Jewish poll-tax lists from 1717-1764. The present book is based upon the analysis of these new sources which supply a diachronic dimension, about half a century in duration, to systematic data about the Jewish population in Poland. It provides the full statistical information in the form of tables and is supplemented with a series of maps.

Talmudic academies --- Judaism --- Jewish learning and scholarship --- Jews --- Hebrews --- Israelites --- Jewish people --- Jewry --- Judaic people --- Judaists --- Ethnology --- Religious adherents --- Semites --- Learning and scholarship --- Academies, Talmudic --- Rabbinical seminaries --- Yeshivas --- History. --- History --- Intellectual life. --- Intellectual life --- Taxation --- Duties --- Fee system (Taxation) --- Tax policy --- Tax reform --- Taxation, Incidence of --- Taxes --- Finance, Public --- Revenue --- Politics and government. --- Social conditions --- Government policy --- Poland --- Poyln --- Polska Rzeczpospolita Ludowa --- Polʹsha --- P.N.R. --- P.R.L. --- Pologne --- Polish Commonwealth --- Polonia --- Warsaw (Duchy) --- Polska --- Polsko --- T︠S︡arstvo Polʹskoe --- Królestwo Polskie --- Polʹskai︠a︡ Narodnai︠a︡ Respublika --- PNR --- PRL --- Poljska --- Lehastan --- Polin --- Būlūniyā --- Polonyah --- République populaire de Pologne --- Polen --- Ppolsŭkka --- Polish People's Republic --- Republic of Poland --- Poland (Territory under German occupation, 1939-1945) --- Generalgouvernement (Poland) --- Generalne Gubernatorstwo (Poland) --- General Government (Poland) --- Heneralʹna hubernii︠a︡ (Poland) --- Rzeczpospolita Polska --- Polish Republic --- Congress Kingdom of Poland --- Congress Poland --- Królestwo Kongresowe Polskie --- Kongresówka --- Kingdom of Poland --- Lahistān --- لهستان --- Polandia --- Полшэ --- Polshė --- Pole --- Republiek van Pole --- Republik Pole --- Polaland --- Polisce Cynewise --- Полша --- Полониа --- بولندا --- Būlandā --- Polóña --- Tavakuairetã Polóña --- Польша --- Puluña --- Ripublika Puluña --- Polşa --- Polşa Respublikası --- Pulandia --- Ripublik Pulandia --- Pho-lân --- Pho-lân Kiōng-hô-kok --- Польшча --- Polʹshcha --- Рэспубліка Польшча --- Rėspublika Polʹshcha --- Polonya --- Република Полша --- Republika Polsha --- Poin --- Republika Poljska --- Польшо --- Polʹsho --- Bu̇gėdė Naĭramdakha Polʹsho Ulas --- Polská republika --- Polaki --- Gwlad Pwyl --- Gweriniaeth Gwlad Pwyl --- Republikken Polen --- Republik Polen --- Poola --- Poola Vabariik --- Πολωνία --- Pulógna --- Польша Мастор --- Polʹsha Mastor --- República de Polonia --- Pollando --- Respubliko Pollando --- Repúbrica de Poloña --- Poloniako Errepublika --- Pólland --- République de Pologne --- Poalen --- Poloonya --- Polonie --- An Pholainn --- Pholainn --- Poblacht na Polainne --- Yn Pholynn --- Pholynn --- Pobblaght ny Polynn --- A' Phòlainn --- Poblachd na Pòlainn --- Borandi --- Pô-làn --- Польшин Орн --- Polʹshin Orn --- 폴란드 --- P'ollandŭ --- Pōlani --- Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth --- Crown of the Kingdom of Poland and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania --- Commonwealth of Poland --- Lehastani Hanrapetutʻyun --- Польшæ --- Polʹshæ --- Польшæйы Республикæ --- Polʹshæĭy Respublikæ --- IPoland --- IPolandi --- Lýðveldið Pólland --- Repubblica di Polonia --- פולין --- רפובליקת פולין --- Republiḳat Polin --- Poleni --- Kunngiitsuuffik Poleni --- Pòlskô Repùblika --- Poloni --- Polonye --- Polòy --- Puoleja --- Puolejis Republika --- Polija --- Polijas Republika --- Lenkija --- Lenkijos Respublika --- Polsca --- Republica de Polsca --- Pol'šu --- Polskas --- Bupoolo --- Bupolska --- Ripablik kya Bupoolo --- Lengyelország --- Lengyel Köztársaság --- Lithuania (Grand Duchy) --- Politics and government --- Ethnic relations. --- History&delete& --- Palestine --- Intellectual life&delete& --- General Government for Occupied Polish Territories

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The book presents a variety of topics relating to the market in Roman Palestine. The book deals with the main elements of commercial life - the different types of markets and the entities and figures that played a part in it. It portrays the process by which the flow of goods in the market occurs - from the end of the production process, via the entire range of middlemen, to the end user. A chapter is devoted to the pricing of merchandise in the economy of Roman Palestine. It offers a comprehensive framework which includes the techniques by which prices were determined and enforced. Other chapters deal with the image of the different market vendors, as viewed by the public and by the Jewish sages, and the commercial activity that took place in and around the synagogues. The book is based on a combination of rabbinic, literary and archaeological sources as well as epigraphic findings. It depicts the economy of Roman Palestine against the backdrop of the Roman Empire.

Markets --- Marketing --- Jews --- Marketing in rabbinical literature. --- Rabbinical literature --- Marchés --- Juifs --- Marketing dans la littérature rabbinique --- Littérature rabbinique --- History --- History and criticism. --- Histoire --- Histoire et critique --- Palestine --- Rome --- Economic conditions. --- Antiquities. --- Conditions économiques --- Antiquités --- 933.33 --- 908 <33> --- Geschiedenis van het Joodse volk: Romeinse tijd I; Masadah; vernieling van deTempel--(63 v.Chr.-70 n.Chr.) --- Heemkunde. Area studies--Oud-Palestina. Judea --- 908 <33> Heemkunde. Area studies--Oud-Palestina. Judea --- 933.33 Geschiedenis van het Joodse volk: Romeinse tijd I; Masadah; vernieling van deTempel--(63 v.Chr.-70 n.Chr.) --- Marchés --- Marketing dans la littérature rabbinique --- Littérature rabbinique --- Conditions économiques --- Antiquités --- Marketing in rabbinical literature --- Public markets --- Commerce --- Fairs --- Market towns --- Consumer goods --- Domestic marketing --- Retail marketing --- Retail trade --- Industrial management --- Aftermarkets --- Selling --- History and criticism --- 70-638 --- Economic conditions --- Antiquities --- To 1500