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As the glittering skyline in Shanghai seemingly attests, China has quickly transformed itself from a place of stark poverty into a modern, urban, technologically savvy economic powerhouse. But as Scott Rozelle and Natalie Hell show in Invisible China, the truth is much more complicated and might be a serious cause for concern. China's growth has relied heavily on unskilled labor. Most of the workers who have fueled the country's rise come from rural villages and have never been to high school. While this national growth strategy has been effective for three decades, the unskilled wage rate is finally rising, inducing companies inside China to automate at an unprecedented rate and triggering an exodus of companies seeking cheaper labor in other countries. Ten years ago, almost every product for sale in an American Walmart was made in China. Today, that is no longer the case. With the changing demand for labor, China seems to have no good back-up plan. For all of its investment in physical infrastructure, for decades China failed to invest enough in its people. Recent progress may come too late. Drawing on extensive surveys on the ground in China, Rozelle and Hell reveal that while China may be the second-largest economy in the world, its labor force has one of the lowest levels of education of any comparable country. Over half of China's population--as well as a vast majority of its children--are from rural areas. Their low levels of basic education may leave many unable to find work in the formal workplace as China's economy changes and manufacturing jobs move elsewhere. In Invisible China, Rozelle and Hell speak not only to an urgent humanitarian concern but also a potential economic crisis that could upend economies and foreign relations around the globe. If too many are left structurally unemployable, the implications both inside and outside of China could be serious. Understanding the situation in China today is essential if we are to avoid a potential crisis of international proportions. This book is an urgent and timely call to action that should be read by economists, policymakers, the business community, and general readers alike.
Economic development --- Rural-urban relations --- Rural poor --- Equality --- Education --- Rural-urban interaction --- Urban-rural interaction --- Urban-rural relations --- Sociology, Rural --- Sociology, Urban --- Rural poverty --- Poor --- Children --- Education, Primitive --- Education of children --- Human resource development --- Instruction --- Pedagogy --- Schooling --- Students --- Youth --- Civilization --- Learning and scholarship --- Mental discipline --- Schools --- Teaching --- Training --- Egalitarianism --- Inequality --- Social equality --- Social inequality --- Political science --- Sociology --- Democracy --- Liberty --- Regional disparities --- Health --- Economic conditions --- China --- Cina --- Kinë --- Cathay --- Chinese National Government --- Chung-kuo kuo min cheng fu --- Republic of China (1912-1949) --- Kuo min cheng fu (China : 1912-1949) --- Chung-hua min kuo (1912-1949) --- Kina (China) --- National Government (1912-1949) --- China (Republic : 1912-1949) --- People's Republic of China --- Chinese People's Republic --- Chung-hua jen min kung ho kuo --- Central People's Government of Communist China --- Chung yang jen min cheng fu --- Chung-hua chung yang jen min kung ho kuo --- Central Government of the People's Republic of China --- Zhonghua Renmin Gongheguo --- Zhong hua ren min gong he guo --- Kitaĭskai︠a︡ Narodnai︠a︡ Respublika --- Činská lidová republika --- RRT --- Republik Rakjat Tiongkok --- KNR --- Kytaĭsʹka Narodna Respublika --- Jumhūriyat al-Ṣīn al-Shaʻbīyah --- RRC --- Kitaĭ --- Kínai Népköztársaság --- Chūka Jinmin Kyōwakoku --- Erets Sin --- Sin --- Sāthāranarat Prachāchon Čhīn --- P.R. China --- PR China --- PRC --- P.R.C. --- Chung-kuo --- Zhongguo --- Zhonghuaminguo (1912-1949) --- Zhong guo --- Chine --- République Populaire de Chine --- República Popular China --- Catay --- VR China --- VRChina --- 中國 --- 中国 --- 中华人民共和国 --- Jhongguó --- Bu̇gu̇de Nayiramdaxu Dundadu Arad Ulus --- Bu̇gu̇de Nayiramdaqu Dumdadu Arad Ulus --- Bu̇gd Naĭramdakh Dundad Ard Uls --- BNKhAU --- БНХАУ --- Khi︠a︡tad --- Kitad --- Dumdadu Ulus --- Dumdad Uls --- Думдад Улс --- Kitajska --- China (Republic : 1949- ) --- Regional disparities. --- S10/0330 --- S11/0484 --- S11/0534 --- China: Economics, industry and commerce--Employment --- China: Social sciences--Rural life, rural studies: since 1976 --- China: Social sciences--Class studies --- Labour market
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Rural development --- S10/0525 --- S20/0253 --- S20/0280 --- S20/0450 --- S20/0500 --- S20/1010 --- S20/1040 --- China: Economics, industry and commerce--Rural industry --- China: Agriculture forestry, fishery, natural disasters--General works: since 1979 --- China: Agriculture forestry, fishery, natural disasters--Rural economic development --- China: Agriculture forestry, fishery, natural disasters--Land tenure and utilization: after 1949 --- China: Agriculture forestry, fishery, natural disasters--Environmental policy, pollution --- China: Agriculture forestry, fishery, natural disasters--Floods and floodcontrol --- China: Agriculture forestry, fishery, natural disasters--Famine and famine relief --- China --- Rural conditions. --- Economic geography
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As the glittering skyline in Shanghai seemingly attests, China has quickly transformed itself from a place of stark poverty into a modern, urban, technologically savvy economic powerhouse. But as Scott Rozelle and Natalie Hell show in Invisible China, the truth is much more complicated and might be a serious cause for concern. China’s growth has relied heavily on unskilled labor. Most of the workers who have fueled the country’s rise come from rural villages and have never been to high school. While this national growth strategy has been effective for three decades, the unskilled wage rate is finally rising, inducing companies inside China to automate at an unprecedented rate and triggering an exodus of companies seeking cheaper labor in other countries. Ten years ago, almost every product for sale in an American Walmart was made in China. Today, that is no longer the case. With the changing demand for labor, China seems to have no good back-up plan. For all of its investment in physical infrastructure, for decades China failed to invest enough in its people. Recent progress may come too late. Drawing on extensive surveys on the ground in China, Rozelle and Hell reveal that while China may be the second-largest economy in the world, its labor force has one of the lowest levels of education of any comparable country. Over half of China’s population—as well as a vast majority of its children—are from rural areas. Their low levels of basic education may leave many unable to find work in the formal workplace as China’s economy changes and manufacturing jobs move elsewhere. In Invisible China, Rozelle and Hell speak not only to an urgent humanitarian concern but also a potential economic crisis that could upend economies and foreign relations around the globe. If too many are left structurally unemployable, the implications both inside and outside of China could be serious. Understanding the situation in China today is essential if we are to avoid a potential crisis of international proportions. This book is an urgent and timely call to action that should be read by economists, policymakers, the business community, and general readers alike.
Economic development --- Rural poor --- Equality --- Education --- Regional disparities. --- Health --- China --- Economic conditions --- China, rising China, rural China, economy, growth, stagnation, global, inequality, urban, rural, human capital, education, middle class, class, manufacturing, development, factory, hukou, worker, labor, unskilled labor, wage, wage rate, skill, low-skilled labor, planning, central planning, planned economy, market economy, superpower, race to the bottom, middle income trap, labor mobility, investment, human investment, countryside, poverty, nutrition, rural education action program, healthcare, public health, unemployment, nationalism, agriculture, demography, the other China, children, one-child policy, gender imbalance, surplus labor, inequity.
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This paper analyzes the political and institutional factors which are behind the dramatic changes in distortions to agricultural incentives in the transition countries in East Asia, Central Asia, and the rest of the former Soviet Union, and in Central and Eastern Europe. The paper explains why these changes have occurred and why there are large differences among transition countries in the extent and the nature of the remaining distortions.
Agricultural Sector Economics --- Agricultural Trade --- Agriculture --- Arbitrage --- Bureaucracy --- Crops --- Economic Development --- Economic Systems --- Economics --- Exchange Rates --- Financial Institutions --- Food Processing --- Food Production --- Foreign Direct Investment --- Gdp --- Industrialization --- Labor Policies --- Land Reform --- Livestock --- Macroeconomics and Economic Growth --- Market Economy --- Marketing --- Overemployment --- Per Capita Income --- Political Economy --- Property Rights --- Protectionism --- Regime Change --- Rent Seeking --- Rural Development --- Social Protections and Labor --- Socialism --- Total Factor Productivity --- Trade Liberalization --- Trade Policy --- Wages --- World Trade Organization
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CHINE --- RURAL --- AGRICULTURE --- PERFORMANCE --- ETAT --- STATISTIQUE --- THEORIE MICROECONOMIQUE
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It is a cliché that China is the world's manufactured goods factory, but most observers are just as certain that China's farmers are a serious burden on growth. Yet China in fact has the makings of an internationally competitive agricultural sector, with the market setting most prices, farmers shifting quickly toward what they produce best, and significant research and development focused on biotechnology and other promising areas. China's trade interests are changing as its farmers become more competitive, and this transformation will have major implications for world trade talks and global economic welfare. This study traces the steps China has taken to make agriculture a winning sector, the evidence that its initiatives are working, and the course the country is likely to take.
Produce trade --- Agriculture --- International trade. --- External trade --- Foreign commerce --- Foreign trade --- Global commerce --- Global trade --- Trade, International --- World trade --- Commerce --- International economic relations --- Non-traded goods --- Farming --- Husbandry --- Industrial arts --- Life sciences --- Food supply --- Land use, Rural --- Economic aspect --- Free trade --- International trade --- 330.05 --- 382.410951 --- 331.32 --- 338.342.1 --- 37 --- CN / China - Chine --- Economic aspects --- Structuur van de economie --- Landbouw in de Derde Wereld --- Geografische economie. Monografieën van streken en landen --- Foreign trade. International trade --- Agronomy --- China
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Recruiting and retaining leaders and public servants at the grass-roots level in developing countries creates a potential tension between providing sufficient returns to attract talent and limiting the scope for excessive rent-seeking behavior. In China, researchers have frequently argued that village cadres, who are the lowest level of administrators in rural areas, exploit personal political status for economic gain. Much existing research, however, compares the earnings of cadre and non-cadre households in rural China without controlling for unobserved dimensions of ability that are also correlated with success as entrepreneurs or in non-agricultural activities. The findings of this paper suggest a measurable return to cadre status, but the magnitudes are not large and provide only a modest incentive to participate in village-level government. The paper does not find evidence that households of village cadres earn significant rents from having a family member who is a cadre. Given the increasing returns to non-agricultural employment since China's economic reforms began, it is not surprising that the returns to working as a village cadre have also increased over time. Returns to cadre-status are derived both from direct compensation and subsidies for cadres and indirectly through returns earned in off-farm employment from businesses and economic activities managed by villages.
Emerging Markets --- Housing & Human Habitats --- Labor Policies --- Public Sector Development --- Public Sector Labor Markets --- Returns to Political Status --- Rural Poverty Reduction --- Small Area Estimation Poverty Mapping --- Social Development --- Village Political Economy --- Rural China
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"This report has been prepared to identify and consolidate information on crucial issues affecting future rural development in China. Prepared with the assistance of Chinese and non-Chinese scholars and analysts, the report assesses strategic options from the perspective of efficiency, equitable development, and growth. It concludes that continued reform will entail further liberalization of production, pricing, and marketing policies; strong government promotion of a market environment; and investments in public services and infrastructure."--Jacket.
Rural development --- China --- Rural conditions.
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Recruiting and retaining leaders and public servants at the grass-roots level in developing countries creates a potential tension between providing sufficient returns to attract talent and limiting the scope for excessive rent-seeking behavior. In China, researchers have frequently argued that village cadres, who are the lowest level of administrators in rural areas, exploit personal political status for economic gain. Much existing research, however, compares the earnings of cadre and non-cadre households in rural China without controlling for unobserved dimensions of ability that are also correlated with success as entrepreneurs or in non-agricultural activities. The findings of this paper suggest a measurable return to cadre status, but the magnitudes are not large and provide only a modest incentive to participate in village-level government. The paper does not find evidence that households of village cadres earn significant rents from having a family member who is a cadre. Given the increasing returns to non-agricultural employment since China's economic reforms began, it is not surprising that the returns to working as a village cadre have also increased over time. Returns to cadre-status are derived both from direct compensation and subsidies for cadres and indirectly through returns earned in off-farm employment from businesses and economic activities managed by villages.
Emerging Markets --- Housing & Human Habitats --- Labor Policies --- Public Sector Development --- Public Sector Labor Markets --- Returns to Political Status --- Rural Poverty Reduction --- Small Area Estimation Poverty Mapping --- Social Development --- Village Political Economy --- Rural China
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