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A huge part of our economy is invisible, invaluable, and under siege. ""The commons"" is a term that denotes everything we share as opposed to own privately. Some parts of the commons are gifts of nature: the air and oceans, the web of species, wilderness, and watersheds. Others are the product of human creativity and endeavor: sidewalks and public squares, the Internet, our languages, cultures, technologies, and infrastructure. In graceful and down-to-earth prose, Jonathan Rowe illuminates the scale and value of the commons, its symbiotic relationship with the rest of the economy, its importa

Commons. --- Cooperation. --- Economics. --- Economic theory --- Political economy --- Social sciences --- Economic man --- Collaborative economy --- Cooperative distribution --- Cooperative movement --- Distribution, Cooperative --- Peer-to-peer economy --- Sharing economy --- Economics --- Profit-sharing --- Common lands --- Commons --- Communal land --- Communal lands --- Land tenure --- Public lands --- Real property --- Marks (Medieval land tenure) --- Natural resources, Communal --- Village communities --- Law and legislation --- Cooperation --- E-books

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Creative thinking --- Simulation methods --- Creative thinking - Simulation methods

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We are very pleased to present this LNCS volume, the proceedings of the 8th InternationalConferenceonParallelProblemSolvingfromNature(PPSNVIII). PPSN is one of the most respected and highly regarded conference series in evolutionary computation and natural computing/computation. This biennial eventwas?rstheldinDortmundin1990,andtheninBrussels(1992),Jerusalem (1994), Berlin (1996), Amsterdam (1998), Paris (2000), and Granada (2002). PPSN VIII continues to be the conference of choice by researchers all over the world who value its high quality. We received a record 358 paper submissions this year. After an extensive peer review process involving more than 1100 reviews, the programme c- mittee selected the top 119 papers for inclusion in this volume and, of course, for presentation at the conference. This represents an acceptance rate of 33%. Please note that review reports with scores only but no textual comments were not considered in the chairs’ ranking decisions. The papers included in this volume cover a wide range of topics, from e- lutionary computation to swarm intelligence and from bio-inspired computing to real-world applications. They represent some of the latest and best research in evolutionary and natural computation. Following the PPSN tradition, all - persatPPSNVIII werepresentedasposters.Therewere7 sessions:eachsession consisting of around 17 papers. For each session, we covered as wide a range of topics as possible so that participants with di?erent interests would ?nd some relevant papers at every session.

Parallel processing (Electronic computers) --- Evolutionary computation --- Computer Science --- Engineering & Applied Sciences --- Computer science. --- Architecture, Computer. --- Computer programming. --- Software engineering. --- Computers. --- Algorithms. --- Artificial intelligence. --- Computer Science. --- Computer System Implementation. --- Computation by Abstract Devices. --- Algorithm Analysis and Problem Complexity. --- Programming Techniques. --- Software Engineering. --- Artificial Intelligence (incl. Robotics). --- AI (Artificial intelligence) --- Artificial thinking --- Electronic brains --- Intellectronics --- Intelligence, Artificial --- Intelligent machines --- Machine intelligence --- Thinking, Artificial --- Bionics --- Cognitive science --- Digital computer simulation --- Electronic data processing --- Logic machines --- Machine theory --- Self-organizing systems --- Simulation methods --- Fifth generation computers --- Neural computers --- Algorism --- Algebra --- Arithmetic --- Automatic computers --- Automatic data processors --- Computer hardware --- Computing machines (Computers) --- Electronic calculating-machines --- Electronic computers --- Hardware, Computer --- Computer systems --- Cybernetics --- Calculators --- Cyberspace --- Computer software engineering --- Engineering --- Computers --- Electronic computer programming --- Electronic digital computers --- Programming (Electronic computers) --- Coding theory --- Architecture, Computer --- Informatics --- Science --- Foundations --- Programming --- Computer network architectures. --- Computer software. --- Artificial Intelligence. --- Architectures, Computer network --- Network architectures, Computer --- Computer architecture --- Software, Computer

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