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This text reflects Southeast Asia's political dominance within predatory and technocratic elements and the relative weakness of progressive elements. Innovations without fundamentally altering the pre-existing arrangements ensures that social protection systems continue to have strong conservative, productivist, and predatory attributes.

Public welfare --- Southeast Asia --- Politics and government --- Social policy. --- Social conditions. --- Benevolent institutions --- Poor relief --- Public assistance --- Public charities --- Public relief --- Public welfare reform --- Relief (Aid) --- Social welfare --- Welfare (Public assistance) --- Welfare reform --- Human services --- Social service --- Government policy --- Asia, Southeast --- Asia, Southeastern --- South East Asia --- Southeastern Asia

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Indonesia faces serious challenges in the number, cost, quality, and distribution of teachers. This paper examines the role of political economy factors in producing these challenges and shaping efforts to resolve them. It argues that the challenges have their origins in the way in which political and bureaucratic elites have for decades used the school system to accumulate resources, distribute patronage, mobilize political support, and exercise political control. This orientation has meant that teacher numbers, quality, and distribution have been managed to maximize flows of rents and votes from schools to the elite, lubricate patronage and political networks, and ensure that elites maintain political control rather than maximize educational performance and equity. The fall of the New Order, the authoritarian and centralized regime that ruled Indonesia from 1965 to 1998, led to efforts to change this situation, but these have had little impact so far. The paper concludes by assessing what can be done by proponents of teacher management reform in this context to promote better outcomes.

Education --- Political Economy --- Teacher Management --- Teachers

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