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Electronics --- Microelectronics --- Electronic apparatus and appliances --- Semiconductors --- Materials --- Testing --- Defects

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"This wide-ranging volume advances our understanding of law and empire in the early modern world. Distinguished contributors expose new dimensions of legal pluralism in the British, French, Spanish, Portuguese, and Ottoman Empires. In-depth analyses probe such topics as the shifting legal privileges of corporations, the intertwining of religious and legal thought, and the effects of clashing legal authorities on sovereignty and subjecthood. Case studies show how a variety of individuals engage with the law and shape the contours of imperial rule. The volume reaches from Peru to New Zealand to Europe to capture the varieties and continuities of legal pluralism and to probe the analytic power of the concept of legal pluralism in the comparative study of empires. For legal scholars, social scientists, and historians, Legal Pluralism and Empires, 1500-1850 maps new approaches to the study of empires and the global history of law"--Unedited summary from book cover.

Colonies --- Pluralisme juridique --- Droit --- Legal polycentricity --- Bijuralism --- Legal pluralism --- Pluralism, Legal --- Polycentric law --- Polycentricity, Legal --- Anti-colonialism --- Colonial affairs --- Colonialism --- Neocolonialism --- Law and legislation --- Conferences - Meetings --- Law --- Conflict of laws --- Imperialism --- Non-self-governing territories --- Colonization --- Colonies - Law and legislation - Congresses --- Legal polycentricity - Congresses

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Ultimately, Justice in a New World offers both a deeper understanding of the transformation of notions of justice and law among settlers and indigenous people, and a dual comparative study of what it means for laws and moral codes to be legally intelligible. Europeans and natives appealed to imperfect understandings of their interlocutors' notions of justice and advanced their own conceptions during workaday negotiations, disputes, and assertions of right. Settlers' and indigenous peoples' legal presuppositions shaped and sometimes misdirected their attempts to employ each other's law. Natives and settlers construed and misconstrued each other's legal commitments while learning about them, never quite sure whether they were on solid ground. Chapters explore the problem of "legal intelligibility": How and to what extent did settler law and its associated notions of justice became intelligible--tactically, technically and morally--to natives, and vice versa? To address this question, the volume offers a critical comparison between English and Iberian New World empires. Chapters probe such topics as treaty negotiations, land sales, and the corporate privileges of indigenous peoples. . A historical and legal examination of the conflict and interplay between settler and indigenous laws in the New WorldAs British and Iberian empires expanded across the New World, differing notions of justice and legality played out against one another as settlers and indigenous people sought to negotiate their relationship. In order for settlers and natives to learn from, maneuver, resist, or accommodate each other, they had to grasp something of each other's legal ideas and conceptions of justice.This ambitious volume advances our understanding of how natives and settlers in both the British and Iberian New World empires struggled to use the other's ideas of law and justice as a political, strategic, and moral resource. In so doing, indigenous people and settlers alike changed their own practices of law and dialogue about justice. .

Indians --- Colonies --- Legal status, laws, etc. --- History. --- Law and legislation. --- United States --- Amazon basin. --- Andean litigants. --- Bacon’s Rebellion. --- British settlers. --- Cockacoeske. --- Columbian elites. --- English justice. --- English law. --- Iberian New World. --- Indian law. --- Indian rights. --- Iroquois. --- John Wompas. --- Latin America. --- Nipmuc. --- Portuguese colonists. --- Spanish colonization. --- Spanish law. --- Spanish policy. --- Virginia House of Burgesses. --- Virginia law. --- agricultural leases. --- autonomy. --- blood feud. --- colonial discourse. --- colonial rule. --- communal rights. --- community identities. --- conversion. --- corporate autonomy. --- empire. --- ground law. --- historical actors. --- imperial legalities. --- indigenous groups. --- indigenous litigants. --- indigenous peoples. --- jurisdiction. --- justice. --- land rights. --- land transactions. --- legal concepts. --- legal contest. --- legal practices. --- legal structures. --- legal system. --- legal systems. --- liberal elites. --- local alliances. --- queen of Pamunkey. --- rhetorical traditions. --- sovereignty. --- strategic behavior. --- treaty negotiations. --- tributary system. --- vassalage. --- American

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It is clear that the Lutheran Reformation greatly contributed to changes in theological and legal ideas - but what was the extent of its impact on the field of contract law? Legal historians have extensively studied the contract doctrines developed by Roman Catholic theologians and canonists; however, they have largely neglected Martin Luther, Philip Melanchthon, Johann Aepinus, Martin Chemnitz, Friedrich Balduin and many other reformers. This book focuses on those neglected voices of the Reformation, exploring their role in the history of contract law. These men mapped out general principles to counter commercial fraud and dictated norms to regulate standard economic transactions. The most learned jurists, such as Matthias Coler, Peter Heige, Benedict Carpzov, and Samuel Stryk, among others, studied these theological teachings and implemented them in legal tenets. Theologians and jurists thus cooperated in resolving contract law problems, especially those concerning interest and usury.

Contracts --- Agreements --- Contract law --- Contractual limitations --- Limitations, Contractual --- Commercial law --- Legal instruments --- Obligations (Law) --- Juristic acts --- Liberty of contract --- Third parties (Law) --- History. --- Law and legislation --- Conscience --- Moral theology --- Casuistry --- Reformation --- Lutheran Orthodoxy --- Commutative justice --- Market and morality --- Financial regulation --- Just price --- Census

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History --- Indians --- Colonies --- Legal status, laws, etc --- Law and legislation --- United States --- History.