Choose an application

• Reference Manager
• EndNote
• RefWorks (Direct export to RefWorks)

Choose an application

• Reference Manager
• EndNote
• RefWorks (Direct export to RefWorks)

Operational research. Game theory

Choose an application

• Reference Manager
• EndNote
• RefWorks (Direct export to RefWorks)

This paper develops a methodology for testing the term structure of volatility forecasts derived from stochastic volatility models, and implements it to analyze models of S&P 500 index volatility. Volatility models are compared by their ability to hedge options positions sensitive to the term structure of volatility. Overall, the most effective hedge is a Black-Scholes (BS) delta-gamma hedge, while the BS delta-vega hedge is the least effective. The most successful volatility hedge is GARCH components delta-gamma, suggesting that the GARCH components estimate of the term structure of volatility is most accurate. The success of the BS delta-gamma hedge may be due to mispricing in the options market over the sample period.

Stochastic processes. --- Heteroscedasticity. --- Hedging (Finance)

Choose an application

• Reference Manager
• EndNote
• RefWorks (Direct export to RefWorks)

This paper develops a method for option hedging which is consistent with time-varying preferences and probabilities. The preferences are expressed in the form of an empirical pricing kernel (EPK), which measures the state price per unit probability, while probabilities are derived from an estimated stochastic volatility model of the form GARCH components with leverage. State prices are estimated using the flexible risk-neutral density method of Rosenberg (1995) and a daily cross-section of option premia. Time-varying preferences over states are linked to a dynamic model of the underlying price to obtain a one-day ahead forecast of derivative price distributions and minimum variance hedge ratios. Empirical results suggest that risk aversion over S&P500 return states is substantially higher than risk aversion implied by Black-Scholes state prices and probabilities using long run estimates of S&P500 return moments. It is also found that the daily level of risk aversion is strongly positively autocorrelated, negatively correlated with S&P500 price changes,and positively correlated with the spread between implied and objective volatilities. Hedging results reveal that typical hedging techniques for out-of-the-money S&P500 index options, such as Black-Scholes or historical minimum variance hedging, are inferior to the EPK hedging method. Thus, time-varying preferences and probabilities appear to be an important factor in the day-to-day pricing of S&P500 options.

Options (Finance) --- Mathematical models.