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This book advocates a fresh approach to planning that anticipates, rather than reacts to, the changes in climate currently in process. Today’s spatial planning procedures rely on historical evidence instead of preparing for factors that by definition lie in the future, yet which are relatively uncontroversial: shortages of water, sea level rise and rises in average temperatures being but three examples. Arguing for more flexibility, the contributors view ‘complexity’ as the key to transforming the way we plan in order to better equip us to face uncertainties about our future environment. With chapters on complexity, network theory and transformation featuring prominently, contributors show how anticipatory planning protocols give us the capability to deal with sudden changes, in the same way that a swarm of bees adapts collectively to shifting environmental imperatives. The new approach is thus called ‘swarm planning’, and in addition to delineating this new theory, this volume provides many examples from the Netherlands and elsewhere that illustrate its practical application.

Climatic changes. --- Coastal zone management. --- Social planning. --- Social prediction. --- City planning --- Ecological landscape design --- Climatic changes --- Sociology & Social History --- Earth & Environmental Sciences --- Social Sciences --- Communities - Urban Groups --- Meteorology & Climatology --- Environmental aspects --- Global warming. --- Changes, Climatic --- Climate change --- Climate changes --- Climate variations --- Climatic change --- Climatic fluctuations --- Climatic variations --- Global climate changes --- Global climatic changes --- Global warming --- Warming, Global --- Geography. --- Climate change. --- Regional planning. --- Urban planning. --- Landscape architecture. --- Human geography. --- Landscape/Regional and Urban Planning. --- Climate Change Management and Policy. --- Landscape Architecture. --- Human Geography. --- Climatology --- Climate change mitigation --- Teleconnections (Climatology) --- Global temperature changes --- Greenhouse effect, Atmospheric --- Changes in climate --- Climate change science --- Architecture. --- Anthropo-geography --- Anthropogeography --- Geographical distribution of humans --- Social geography --- Anthropology --- Geography --- Human ecology --- Architecture, Western (Western countries) --- Building design --- Buildings --- Construction --- Western architecture (Western countries) --- Art --- Building --- Regional development --- Regional planning --- State planning --- Human settlements --- Land use --- Planning --- Landscape protection --- Design and construction --- Government policy --- Cities and towns --- Civic planning --- Land use, Urban --- Model cities --- Redevelopment, Urban --- Slum clearance --- Town planning --- Urban design --- Urban development --- Urban planning --- Art, Municipal --- Civic improvement --- Urban policy --- Urban renewal --- Horticultural service industry --- Landscape gardening --- Landscaping industry --- Management --- Global environmental change

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This book shows that the problem of climate adaptation, which is described in social planning terms as ‘wicked,’ is at odds with the contemporary practice of spatial planning. The author proposes a new adjusted framework which is more adaptable to unpredictable, wicked, dynamic and non-linear processes. The inspiration for this new method is the behaviour of swarms: bees, ants, birds and fish are capable of self-organization, which enables the system to become less vulnerable to sudden environmental changes. The framework proposed in Swarm Planning consists of these four elements: Two levels of complexity, the first being the whole system and the second its individual components. Each of these has different attributes for adapting to change. Five layers, consisting of networks, focal points, unplanned space, natural resources and emerging occupation patterns. Each layer has its own spatial dynamic, and each is connected to a spatial scale. Non-linear processes, which emerge in different parts of the framework and include emerging patterns, connectedness and tipping points among others. Two planning processes; the first, ‘from small to large’ works upward from the slowest changing elements to more rapidly-changing ones. The second, ‘on the list of partners’ addresses each layer from networks through emerging occupation patterns. Swarm Planning applies this framework to a series of pilot studies, and appraises its performance using criteria for an adaptive landscape. The results show that the use of the Swarm Planning Framework reduces the vulnerability of landscapes as well as the impact of climate hazards and disasters, improves response to unexpected hazards and contains adaptation strategies. “This book is a must for planners in government and the private sector as it outlines the concept, strategies and techniques for swarm planning. It is also an important guide for policymakers looking to engage communities in a dialogue about the adaptation planning process.” Professor John Martin, La Trobe University “The ultimate value of the book lies in encouraging the planning community to consider options that go far beyond those offered by business-as-usual planning methodologies developed for a set of operating conditions that are fast becoming obsolete. As such it makes an important and much needed contribution to the field.” Assistant Professor Dr. Chrisna du Plessis, University of Pretoria.

City planning --- Climatic changes. --- Ecological landscape design. --- Environmental aspects. --- Ecologically sound landscape design --- Environmentally sound landscape design --- Changes, Climatic --- Climate change --- Climate changes --- Climate variations --- Climatic change --- Climatic changes --- Climatic fluctuations --- Climatic variations --- Global climate changes --- Global climatic changes --- Environmental aspects --- Environment. --- Science. --- Regional planning. --- Urban planning. --- Architecture. --- Landscape architecture. --- Climate change. --- Sustainable development. --- Climate Change. --- Sustainable Development. --- Landscape Architecture. --- Cities, Countries, Regions. --- Landscape/Regional and Urban Planning. --- Science, general. --- Applied ecology --- Landscape design --- Climatology --- Climate change mitigation --- Teleconnections (Climatology) --- Changes in climate --- Climate change science --- Science, Humanities and Social Sciences, multidisciplinary. --- Regional development --- Regional planning --- State planning --- Human settlements --- Land use --- Planning --- Landscape protection --- Architecture, Western (Western countries) --- Building design --- Buildings --- Construction --- Western architecture (Western countries) --- Art --- Building --- Development, Sustainable --- Ecologically sustainable development --- Economic development, Sustainable --- Economic sustainability --- ESD (Ecologically sustainable development) --- Smart growth --- Sustainable development --- Sustainable economic development --- Economic development --- Government policy --- Design and construction --- Cities and towns --- Civic planning --- Land use, Urban --- Model cities --- Redevelopment, Urban --- Slum clearance --- Town planning --- Urban design --- Urban development --- Urban planning --- Art, Municipal --- Civic improvement --- Urban policy --- Urban renewal --- Horticultural service industry --- Landscape gardening --- Landscaping industry --- Management --- Architecture, Primitive --- Global environmental change

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One important change in the Brazilian policies is the Pacification. In recent years the government has invested in creating safer and more livable favelas. This generally starts with creating a UPP, a police post at a central location, from where the safety is maintained. Once this has been established the PAC, the government organisation for accelerating urban development in the favelas, starts to make plans to improve the quality of life in the favela: drinking water, electricity, sewage system and other basic systems. It is essential to include the growth of food in their policies. Secondly, the discourse in urban agriculture shifts from the early stage in which every initiative is interesting, food production is a social activity and an estimated contribution to sustainability, towards the question how much food is actually produced within the city boundaries. Analyses show that the amount produced is very little. The follow-up question is how more food could be produced in the city? This is obviously also a matter of space. Current urban concepts do not offer enough space for food production and this implies new concepts need to be found. In the context of the favelas these new spaces need to be found on roofs.

Urban agriculture --- City planning --- City planning. --- Cities and towns --- Civic planning --- Land use, Urban --- Model cities --- Redevelopment, Urban --- Slum clearance --- Town planning --- Urban design --- Urban development --- Urban planning --- Urban farming --- Planning --- Government policy --- Management --- Geography. --- Food --- Regional planning. --- Urban planning. --- Agriculture. --- Sociology, Urban. --- Economic development. --- Landscape/Regional and Urban Planning. --- Urban Studies/Sociology. --- Food Science. --- Development Studies. --- Biotechnology. --- Agriculture --- Land use --- Art, Municipal --- Civic improvement --- Regional planning --- Urban policy --- Urban renewal --- Food science. --- Development, Economic --- Economic growth --- Growth, Economic --- Economic policy --- Economics --- Statics and dynamics (Social sciences) --- Development economics --- Resource curse --- Science --- Urban sociology --- Farming --- Husbandry --- Industrial arts --- Life sciences --- Food supply --- Land use, Rural --- Regional development --- State planning --- Human settlements --- Landscape protection --- Food—Biotechnology.

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This book emphasizes new ways of designing for a sustainable city and urban environment. From several angles the future of our urbanism is illuminated. From a philosophical point of view, the city is seen as an organism, following complex ecosystemic principles, shining light on indigenous perspectives to become beneficial for sustainable design and core questions are asked whether current architectural practice is really sustainable. Simultaneously concrete practices are presented for cities in transformation, focusing on green infrastructure, smart city principles and health.

Urban geography. --- Sustainable architecture. --- Buildings—Design and construction. --- Building. --- Construction. --- Engineering, Architectural. --- Urban Geography / Urbanism (inc. megacities, cities, towns). --- Sustainable Architecture/Green Buildings. --- Building Construction and Design. --- Architectural engineering --- Buildings --- Construction --- Construction science --- Engineering, Architectural --- Structural design --- Structural engineering --- Architecture --- Construction industry --- Eco-architecture --- Environmentally conscious architecture --- Environmentally friendly architecture --- Green architecture --- Green building design --- Green design (Buildings) --- Sustainable design (Buildings) --- Sustainable design --- Geography --- Design and construction --- Sustainable urban development. --- Environmentally sustainable urban development --- City planning --- Sustainable development

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This book discusses the way that a nature-driven approach to urbanism can be applied at each of the urban scales; architectural design, urban design of neighborhoods, city planning and landscape architecture, and at the city and regional scales. At all levels nature-driven approaches to design and planning add to the quality of the built structure and furthermore to the quality of life experienced by people living in these environments. To include nature and greening to built structures is a good starting point and can add much value. The chapter authors have fiducia in giving nature a fundamental role as an integrated network in city design, or to make nature the entrance point of the design process, and base the design on the needs and qualities of nature itself. The highest existence of nature is a permanent ecosystem which endures stressors and circumstances for a prolonged period. In an urban context this is not always possible and temporality is an interesting concept explored when nature is not a permanent feature. The ecological contribution to the environment, and indirect dispersion of species, from a temporary location will, overall add biodiversity to the entire system. .

Nature protection --- Environmental protection. Environmental technology --- Production management --- Building design --- Building materials. Building technology --- Civil engineering. Building industry --- Environmental planning --- Architecture --- Economic geography --- vrouw in de kunst --- landschapsecologie --- bouwkunde --- architectuur --- milieubeleid --- duurzame ontwikkeling --- geografie --- natuurbescherming --- ingenieurswetenschappen --- bouw --- Regional planning. --- Urban planning. --- Nature conservation. --- Landscape ecology. --- Sustainable development. --- Buildings—Design and construction. --- Building. --- Construction. --- Engineering, Architectural. --- Environmental management. --- Landscape/Regional and Urban Planning. --- Nature Conservation. --- Landscape Ecology. --- Sustainable Development. --- Building Construction and Design. --- Environmental Management. --- Conservation of nature --- Nature --- Protection of nature --- Conservation of natural resources --- Applied ecology --- Conservation biology --- Endangered ecosystems --- Natural areas --- Cities and towns --- City planning --- Civic planning --- Land use, Urban --- Model cities --- Redevelopment, Urban --- Slum clearance --- Town planning --- Urban design --- Urban development --- Urban planning --- Land use --- Planning --- Art, Municipal --- Civic improvement --- Regional planning --- Urban policy --- Urban renewal --- Regional development --- State planning --- Human settlements --- Landscape protection --- Environmental stewardship --- Stewardship, Environmental --- Environmental sciences --- Management --- Architectural engineering --- Buildings --- Construction --- Construction science --- Engineering, Architectural --- Structural design --- Structural engineering --- Construction industry --- Development, Sustainable --- Ecologically sustainable development --- Economic development, Sustainable --- Economic sustainability --- ESD (Ecologically sustainable development) --- Smart growth --- Sustainable development --- Sustainable economic development --- Economic development --- Ecology --- Conservation --- Government policy --- Design and construction --- Environmental aspects --- urbanization --- sustainability --- City planning.