Listing 1 - 10 of 18 | << page >> |
Sort by
|
Choose an application
The global financial crisis has not only dealt a major blow to the global economy, but also shaken confidence in economic management in the developed world and the economic models that guide it. The crisis has revealed major market failures, especially in the housing bubble and its transmission to the financial system, but also glaring state failures that propagated and exacerbated the crisis. Will the events of the past two years lead to major shifts in thinking about development economics, and should they? This paper assesses that question for several key domains of development thinking, including the market-state balance, macroeconomic management, globalization, development financing, and public spending. On the one hand, changed global circumstances and new awareness of vulnerability should lead to some policy changes, as developing countries take steps to reduce and buffer risks, including risks generated in developed countries. At the same time, the crisis should largely reinforce the Post-Washington Consensus on development that has emerged over the past decade - a world view that aims to achieve private sector-driven growth but sees a facilitating role for the state, promotes engaging with the global economy in ways that advance development, and values pragmatism, experimentation, and evidence-based policymaking over ideology.
Banks & Banking Reform --- Climate Change Economics --- Debt --- Debt Markets --- Developing countries --- Economic development --- Economic Theory & Research --- Efficient market --- Emerging Markets --- Finance and Financial Sector Development --- Financial crisis --- Financial markets --- Financial system --- Global economy --- Global trade --- Globalization --- Human development --- Income growth --- Interest rates --- International bank --- Macroeconomic management --- Macroeconomics and Economic Growth --- Market efficiency --- Market failures --- Market participants --- Monetary fund --- Private Sector Development --- Public spending
Choose an application
The global financial crisis has not only dealt a major blow to the global economy, but also shaken confidence in economic management in the developed world and the economic models that guide it. The crisis has revealed major market failures, especially in the housing bubble and its transmission to the financial system, but also glaring state failures that propagated and exacerbated the crisis. Will the events of the past two years lead to major shifts in thinking about development economics, and should they? This paper assesses that question for several key domains of development thinking, including the market-state balance, macroeconomic management, globalization, development financing, and public spending. On the one hand, changed global circumstances and new awareness of vulnerability should lead to some policy changes, as developing countries take steps to reduce and buffer risks, including risks generated in developed countries. At the same time, the crisis should largely reinforce the Post-Washington Consensus on development that has emerged over the past decade - a world view that aims to achieve private sector-driven growth but sees a facilitating role for the state, promotes engaging with the global economy in ways that advance development, and values pragmatism, experimentation, and evidence-based policymaking over ideology.
Banks & Banking Reform --- Climate Change Economics --- Debt --- Debt Markets --- Developing countries --- Economic development --- Economic Theory & Research --- Efficient market --- Emerging Markets --- Finance and Financial Sector Development --- Financial crisis --- Financial markets --- Financial system --- Global economy --- Global trade --- Globalization --- Human development --- Income growth --- Interest rates --- International bank --- Macroeconomic management --- Macroeconomics and Economic Growth --- Market efficiency --- Market failures --- Market participants --- Monetary fund --- Private Sector Development --- Public spending
Choose an application
Measuring the incidence of public spending in education requires an intergenerational framework distinguishing between what current and future generations - that is, parents and children - give and receive. In standard distributional incidence analysis, households are assumed to receive a benefit equal to what is spent on their children enrolled in the public schooling system and, implicitly, to pay a fee proportional to their income. This paper shows that, in an intergenerational framework, this is equivalent to assuming perfectly altruistic individuals, in the sense of the dynastic model, and perfect capital markets. But in practice, credit markets are imperfect and poor households cannot borrow against the future income of their children. The authors show that under such circumstances, standard distributional incidence analysis may greatly over-estimate the progressivity of public spending in education: educational improvements that are progressive in the long-run steady state may actually be regressive for the current generation of poor adults. This is especially true where service delivery in education is highly inefficient - as it is in poor districts of many developing countries - so that the educational benefits received are relatively low in comparison with the cost of public spending. The results have implications for both policy measures and analytical approaches.
Access to Finance --- Capital Markets --- Credit Markets --- Debt Markets --- Developing Countries --- Economic Development --- Economic Theory and Research --- Education for All --- Expenditure --- Expenditures --- Finance and Financial Sector Development --- Human Capital --- Human Development --- International Bank --- Macroeconomics and Economic Growth --- Public Sector Expenditure Analysis and Management --- Public Spending
Choose an application
This volume evaluates some of the key dimensions of human development and growth. It provides eight exceptional papers from the second World Bank Economists' Forum held in May 2001 in Washington, DC. These papers were selected from among the 46 papers presented at the Forum. Many of those selected concentrate on the issues surrounding "empowerment." The focus is upon ensuring that poor people have the education, health care, social protection, and other mechanisms necessary for them to participate in economic growth and social development.
Debts, Public -- Congresses. --- Developing countries -- Economic policy -- Congresses. --- Economic development -- Congresses. --- Financial crises -- Congresses. --- Fiscal policy -- Congresses. --- Labor market -- Congresses. --- Public health -- Finance -- Congresses. --- Economic development --- Fiscal policy --- Debts, Public --- Financial crises --- Labor market --- Public health --- Finance --- Developing countries --- Europe, Eastern --- Economic policy
Choose an application
Measuring the incidence of public spending in education requires an intergenerational framework distinguishing between what current and future generations - that is, parents and children - give and receive. In standard distributional incidence analysis, households are assumed to receive a benefit equal to what is spent on their children enrolled in the public schooling system and, implicitly, to pay a fee proportional to their income. This paper shows that, in an intergenerational framework, this is equivalent to assuming perfectly altruistic individuals, in the sense of the dynastic model, and perfect capital markets. But in practice, credit markets are imperfect and poor households cannot borrow against the future income of their children. The authors show that under such circumstances, standard distributional incidence analysis may greatly over-estimate the progressivity of public spending in education: educational improvements that are progressive in the long-run steady state may actually be regressive for the current generation of poor adults. This is especially true where service delivery in education is highly inefficient - as it is in poor districts of many developing countries - so that the educational benefits received are relatively low in comparison with the cost of public spending. The results have implications for both policy measures and analytical approaches.
Access to Finance --- Capital Markets --- Credit Markets --- Debt Markets --- Developing Countries --- Economic Development --- Economic Theory and Research --- Education for All --- Expenditure --- Expenditures --- Finance and Financial Sector Development --- Human Capital --- Human Development --- International Bank --- Macroeconomics and Economic Growth --- Public Sector Expenditure Analysis and Management --- Public Spending
Choose an application
Private tutoring is now a major component of the education sector in many developing countries, yet education policy too seldom acknowledges and makes use of it. Various criticisms have been raised against private tutoring, most notably that it exacerbates social inequalities and may even fail to improve student outcomes. This paper surveys the literature for evidence on private tutoring-the extent of the tutoring phenomenon, the factors that explain its growth, and its cost-effectiveness in improving student academic performance. It also presents a framework for assessing the efficiency and equity effects of tutoring. It concludes that tutoring can raise the effectiveness of the education system under certain reasonable assumptions, even taking into account equity concerns, and it offers guidance for attacking corruption and other problems that diminish the contributions of the tutoring sector.
Academic performance --- Education --- Education for All --- Education programs --- Educational achievement --- Effective Schools and Teachers --- Instruction --- Levels of education --- Papers --- Primary Education --- Schools --- Secondary Education --- Student achievement --- Tertiary Education --- Tutoring --- Tutoring programs
Choose an application
Improving governance is central to improving results in human development. It is clear that money is not enough: improved outcomes from service delivery require better governance, including mechanisms for holding service providers accountable and appropriate incentives for performance. There is therefore a growing demand for indicators to measure how and whether these processes work, and how they affect health and education results. This paper makes the case for measuring governance policies and performance, and the quality of service delivery in health and education. It develops a framework for selecting and measuring a set of indicators and proposes options, drawing from new and innovative measurement tools and approaches. The paper proposes the adoption of a more systematic approach that will both facilitate the work of health and education policymakers and allow for cross-country comparisons and benchmarking.
Education --- Education Finance --- Governance --- Governance Indicators --- Health --- Health Care Finance --- Health Monitoring & Evaluation --- Indicators --- Information --- Poverty Monitoring & Analysis --- Public Sector Corruption & Anticorruption Measures --- Public Sector Development --- Public Sector Expenditure Policy --- Public Sector Performance --- Service Delivery --- Teacher Motivation and Management
Choose an application
"Expanding and improving basic education in developing countries requires, at a minimum, teachers who are present in the classroom and motivated to teach, but this essential input is often missing. This paper describes the findings of a series of recent World Bank and other studies on teacher absence and incentives for performance. Surprise school visits reveal that teachers are absent at high rates in countries such as India, Indonesia, Uganda, Ecuador, and Zambia, reducing the quality of schooling for children, especially in rural, remote, and poor areas. More broadly, poor teacher management and low levels of teacher accountability afflict many developing-country education systems. The paper presents evidence on these shortcomings, but also on the types of incentives, management, and support structures that can improve motivation and performance and reduce avoidable absenteeism. It concludes with policy options for developing countries to explore as they work to meet Education for All goals and improve quality. "--World Bank web site.
Education --- Teachers --- Leaves of absence.
Choose an application
This paper offers new measures of aid quality covering 38 bilateral and multilateral donors, as well as new insights about the robustness and usefulness of such measures. The 2005 Paris Declaration on Aid Effectiveness and the follow-up 2008 Accra Agenda for Action have focused attention on common donor practices that reduce the development impact of aid. Using 18 underlying indicators that capture these practices - derived from the OECD-DAC's Survey for Monitoring the Paris Declaration, the new AidData database, and the DAC aid tables - the authors construct an overall aid quality index and four coherently defined sub-indexes on aid selectivity, alignment, harmonization, and specialization. Compared with earlier indicators used in donor rankings, this indicator set is more comprehensive and representative of the range of donor practices addressed in the Paris Declaration, improving the validity, reliability, and robustness of rankings. One of the innovations is to increase the validity of the aid quality indicators by adjusting for recipient characteristics, donor aid volumes, and other factors. Despite these improvements in data and methodology, the authors caution against overinterpretation on overall indexes such as these. Alternative plausible assumptions regarding weights or the inclusion of additional indicators can still produce marked shifts in the ranking of some donors, so that small differences in overall rankings are not meaningful. Moreover, because the performance of some donors varies considerably across the four sub-indexes, these sub-indexes may be more useful than the overall index in identifying donors' relative strengths and weaknesses.
Aid --- Aid agencies --- Aid flows --- Developed countries --- Development Assistance --- Development banks --- Development impact --- Development issues --- Development Partners --- Development programs --- Development Research --- Development strategies --- Disability --- Economic Adjustment and Lending --- Education --- Food aid --- Gender --- Gender and Health --- Humanitarian aid --- Macroeconomics and Economic Growth --- National development --- Priorities --- School Health --- Social Protections and Labor --- Specialists --- Targeting --- Technical assistance --- World Development Indicators
Choose an application
This paper offers new measures of aid quality covering 38 bilateral and multilateral donors, as well as new insights about the robustness and usefulness of such measures. The 2005 Paris Declaration on Aid Effectiveness and the follow-up 2008 Accra Agenda for Action have focused attention on common donor practices that reduce the development impact of aid. Using 18 underlying indicators that capture these practices - derived from the OECD-DAC's Survey for Monitoring the Paris Declaration, the new AidData database, and the DAC aid tables - the authors construct an overall aid quality index and four coherently defined sub-indexes on aid selectivity, alignment, harmonization, and specialization. Compared with earlier indicators used in donor rankings, this indicator set is more comprehensive and representative of the range of donor practices addressed in the Paris Declaration, improving the validity, reliability, and robustness of rankings. One of the innovations is to increase the validity of the aid quality indicators by adjusting for recipient characteristics, donor aid volumes, and other factors. Despite these improvements in data and methodology, the authors caution against overinterpretation on overall indexes such as these. Alternative plausible assumptions regarding weights or the inclusion of additional indicators can still produce marked shifts in the ranking of some donors, so that small differences in overall rankings are not meaningful. Moreover, because the performance of some donors varies considerably across the four sub-indexes, these sub-indexes may be more useful than the overall index in identifying donors' relative strengths and weaknesses.
Aid --- Aid agencies --- Aid flows --- Developed countries --- Development Assistance --- Development banks --- Development impact --- Development issues --- Development Partners --- Development programs --- Development Research --- Development strategies --- Disability --- Economic Adjustment and Lending --- Education --- Food aid --- Gender --- Gender and Health --- Humanitarian aid --- Macroeconomics and Economic Growth --- National development --- Priorities --- School Health --- Social Protections and Labor --- Specialists --- Targeting --- Technical assistance --- World Development Indicators
Listing 1 - 10 of 18 | << page >> |
Sort by
|