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Portugal has one of the most unequal income distributions in Europe and poverty levels are high. The economic crisis has halted a long-term gradual decline in both inequality and poverty and the number of poor households is rising, with children and youths being particularly affected. Unemployment is one of the principal reasons why household incomes declined. The tax and benefit system alleviates both inequality and poverty significantly. The tax system is markedly progressive, and recent tax reforms have likely increased this progressivity. Transfer payments, especially non-pension benefits, are reducing inequality and poverty in a fairly efficient way. Nonetheless, a number of adjustments could strengthen the equalising role of the benefit system, which is generally biased towards benefits for elderly people, while families with children should receive more support. The education system should provide more support to students at risk of falling behind to reduce grade-repetition and drop-out rates, while further increasing class sizes would be a reasonable way to generate savings without affecting learning progress much. Scaling up vocational courses and adult education, including in the context of active labour market policies, could improve the capacity of many households to generate income and lead to a more equitable income distribution.

Economics --- Portugal

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PPR Plant Protection --- pathogens --- plant protection

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Conference date and place: November 23–24, Mirandela (Portugal) Conference Organizer:School of Public Management, Communication and Tourism, Polytechnic Institute of Bragança Centre for Tourism Research, Development and Innovation (CiTUR) Conference sponsors: UNIAG – Applied Management Research Unit Description of the peer-review process All manuscripts must be submitted in English. The conference will follow a double-blind review. Each reviewer is selected according to their expertise in each conference topic. After manuscript revision, the editor who receive new submissions by rotation, is responsible for final decision. The editor's final decision also considers the recommendations of the reviewers. Article Processing Charge (APC) The conference does not have article processing charges (APCs) nor article submission charges Open Access Statement This conference proceedings is an Open Access proceedings that allows free unlimited access to all its contents without any restrictions upon publication to all users. Open Access License This conference proceedings provides immediate open access to its content under the Creative Commons BY NC ND 4.0. Authors who publish with these proceedings retain all copyrights and agree to the terms of the above-mentioned Creative Commons BY NC ND 4.0 license. Committees Organizing Committee Catarina Martins, Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Portugal, ChairmanMárcio Martins, Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Portugal, Co- ChairmanAida Carvalho, Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, PortugalAnabela Pinho, Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, PortugalArlindo Santos, Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, PortugalBela Vilares, Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, PortugalCarlos Casimiro da Costa, Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, PortugalCatarina Fernandes, Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, PortugalClarisse Pais, Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, PortugalCláudia S. Costa, Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, PortugalElisabete Silva, Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, PortugalElsa Esteves, Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, PortugalFerdinando Silva, Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, PortugalJoana Fernandes, Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, PortugalLuísa Lopes, Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, PortugalPaula Odete Fernandes, Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, PortugalRicardo Alexandre, Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, PortugalRicardo Gonçalves, Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, PortugalSalete Esteves, Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, PortugalSónia P. Nogueira, Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Portugal Scientific Committee Adrian Lubowiecki-Vikuk, SGH Warsaw School of Economics, PolandAdriano Costa, Instituto Politécnico de Guarda, PortugalAgnieszka Niezgoda, Poznan University of Economics, PolandAida Carvalho, Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, PortugalAleksandra Zienkiewicz, Pomeranian University in Slupsk, PolandAlexandra Sofia Marinho da Silva Mendes, Instituto Politécnico de Leiria, PortugalAlina Zajadacz, Adam Mickiewicz University, PolandAna Cristina da Silva Ramos Lucas Martins, CITUR Leiria, PortugalAna Daniel, Instituto Politécnico de Guarda, PortugalAna Elisa Carreta

BUSINESS & ECONOMICS / General.