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This paper examines the relationship between openness and within-country regional inequality across 28 countries over the period 1975-2005, paying special attention to whether increases in global trade affect the developed and developing world differently. Using a combination of static and dynamic panel data analysis, we find that while increases in trade per se do not lead to greater territorial polarization, in combination with certain country-specific conditions, trade has a positive and significant association with regional inequality. In particular, states with higher inter-regional differences in sector endowments, a lower share of government expenditure, and a combination of high internal transaction costs with a higher degree of coincidence between the regional income distribution and regional foreign market access positions have experienced the greatest rise in territorial inequality when exposed to greater trade flows. This means that changes in trade regimes have had a more polarizing effect in low and middle-income countries, whose structural features tend to potentiate the trade effect and whose levels of internal spatial inequality are, on average, significantly higher than in high-income countries.

Agriculture --- Comparative advantage --- Comparative advantages --- Competitiveness --- Dynamic analysis --- Econometric analysis --- Economic geography --- Economic growth --- Economic integration --- Economic Theory & Research --- Emerging Markets --- Exports --- Free Trade --- GDP --- GDP per capita --- Human capital --- Income --- International Economics and Trade --- International trade --- Macroeconomic policies --- Macroeconomics and Economic Growth --- Middle income countries --- Private Sector Development --- Purchasing power --- Real GDP --- Regional Economic Development --- Rent seeking --- Trade Policy

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This paper examines the relationship between openness and within-country regional inequality across 28 countries over the period 1975-2005, paying special attention to whether increases in global trade affect the developed and developing world differently. Using a combination of static and dynamic panel data analysis, we find that while increases in trade per se do not lead to greater territorial polarization, in combination with certain country-specific conditions, trade has a positive and significant association with regional inequality. In particular, states with higher inter-regional differences in sector endowments, a lower share of government expenditure, and a combination of high internal transaction costs with a higher degree of coincidence between the regional income distribution and regional foreign market access positions have experienced the greatest rise in territorial inequality when exposed to greater trade flows. This means that changes in trade regimes have had a more polarizing effect in low and middle-income countries, whose structural features tend to potentiate the trade effect and whose levels of internal spatial inequality are, on average, significantly higher than in high-income countries.

Agriculture --- Comparative advantage --- Comparative advantages --- Competitiveness --- Dynamic analysis --- Econometric analysis --- Economic geography --- Economic growth --- Economic integration --- Economic Theory & Research --- Emerging Markets --- Exports --- Free Trade --- GDP --- GDP per capita --- Human capital --- Income --- International Economics and Trade --- International trade --- Macroeconomic policies --- Macroeconomics and Economic Growth --- Middle income countries --- Private Sector Development --- Purchasing power --- Real GDP --- Regional Economic Development --- Rent seeking --- Trade Policy

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Industrial and technology parks are commonly regarded as a policy panacea. They tend to be considered as the ideal instrument to alleviate an assortment of institutional, political, economic, social and ultimately, technological weaknesses and often form the centrepiece of development strategies. Yet, the real impact of industrial and technology parks, especially in emerging countries is still poorly understood. Focusing on examples from Latin America, Asia, Africa and the Middle East, the book represents a first approach to understand the potential and reality of industrial and technology parks in emerging countries. It is argued that although some parks have been successful in addressing a range of key problems, including underdevelopment, unemployment and a lack of investment, the majority have failed to deliver, rendering the promise of many parks little more than a pipedream.

Technological innovations --- Industrial districts. --- Economics/Management Science. --- Economic aspects. --- Government policy. --- Estates, Industrial --- Industrial estates --- Industrial parks --- Parks, Industrial --- Industrial sites --- Regional economics. --- Geography. --- Economic policy. --- Development economics. --- Management. --- Regional/Spatial Science. --- Economic Geography. --- R & D/Technology Policy. --- Development Economics. --- Innovation/Technology Management. --- Administration --- Industrial relations --- Organization --- Economics --- Economic development --- Economic nationalism --- Economic planning --- National planning --- State planning --- Planning --- National security --- Social policy --- Cosmography --- Earth sciences --- World history --- Regional planning --- Regionalism --- Space in economics --- Spatial economics. --- Economic geography. --- Industrial management. --- Business administration --- Business enterprises --- Business management --- Corporate management --- Corporations --- Industrial administration --- Management, Industrial --- Rationalization of industry --- Scientific management --- Management --- Business --- Industrial organization --- Geography, Economic --- World economics --- Geography --- Commercial geography --- Spatial economics --- Regional economics --- Space in economics.

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Economic policy and planning (general) --- Environmental planning --- Economic geography --- technologiebeleid --- ruimtelijke ordening --- economie --- sociale economie --- geografie --- Europese eenmaking --- Europe