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During the eighteenth century European governments began systematically using an international credit structure whose centre was the Amsterdam capital market. This book reconstructs that system and surveys its principal effects on the European and especially the Dutch economies. Eighteenth-century states borrowed chiefly to finance wars and, increasingly toward the century's end, debts from earlier wars. Military and naval spending and debt service together consumed up to eighty percent of peacetime revenues and more in war. Borrowing on international markets stabilised previously disruptive deficit financing techniques and moderated the economic consequences of sharply irregular war spending. This development however, eased the problems of war-making more than it developed national economies or enhanced prosperity. The Dutch, heretofore seen as having squandered the advantage of cheap credit, actually faced the difficult problem of finding productive uses for their savings at satisfactory returns.

History of the Netherlands --- anno 1800-1899 --- anno 1700-1799 --- Amsterdam --- Loans, Dutch --- Capital --- International finance --- Prêts hollandais --- Finances internationales --- History --- Histoire --- 336.76 --- -336.3 --- 338 <09> --- -Loans, Dutch --- -NL / Netherlands - Nederland - Pays Bas --- 331.162.1 --- Dutch loans --- International monetary system --- International money --- Finance --- International economic relations --- Capital assets --- Fixed assets --- Economics --- Capitalism --- Infrastructure (Economics) --- Wealth --- Beurswezen. Geldmarkt. Valutamarkt. Binnenlandse geldmarkt. Valutamarkt --- Nationale schulden. Staatsschulden. Openbare schulden. Staatslening. Staatsfondsen. Staatsbankroet --- Economische geschiedenis --- Geschiedenis van de financiële markten. --- History. --- 338 <09> Economische geschiedenis --- 336.3 Nationale schulden. Staatsschulden. Openbare schulden. Staatslening. Staatsfondsen. Staatsbankroet --- 336.76 Beurswezen. Geldmarkt. Valutamarkt. Binnenlandse geldmarkt. Valutamarkt --- Prêts hollandais --- NL / Netherlands - Nederland - Pays Bas --- 336.3 --- Geschiedenis van de financiële markten --- Arts and Humanities

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Blue collar workers --- -Medicine, Industrial --- -Laborers --- Manual workers --- Employees --- Industrial medicine --- Medicine, Occupational --- Occupational medicine --- Medicine --- Occupational diseases --- Health and hygiene --- -History --- History --- Male blue collar workers. --- Medicine, Industrial --- History. --- -Health and hygiene --- Male blue collar workers --- Blue collar men --- Men blue collar workers --- Working class men --- Laborers --- Health and hygiene&delete& --- Medicine [Industrial ] --- Great Britain --- Blue collar workers - Health and hygiene - Great Britain - History.

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Medicine. --- History of Medicine. --- Clinical sciences --- Medical profession --- Human biology --- Life sciences --- Medical sciences --- Pathology --- Physicians --- Health Workforce --- Diseases --- Epidemiology --- Medicine, Preventive --- Medicine --- Human beings --- Illness --- Illnesses --- Morbidity --- Sickness --- Sicknesses --- Health --- Sick --- Disease prevention --- Prevention of disease --- Preventive medicine --- Preventive health services --- Preventive medicine physicians --- Public health --- Causes and theories of causation --- History --- Prevention --- Medicine—History. --- Medicine, Preventive. --- Medicine - History - 18th century --- Medicine - Europe - History - 18th century --- Medicine, Preventive - History - 18th century --- Epidemiology - History - 18th century --- Diseases - Causes and theories of causation - History - 18th century

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The Shelf2Life Literature and Fiction Collection is a unique set of short stories, poems and novels from the late 19th to early 20th centuries. From tales of love, life and heartbreaking loss to humorous stories of ghost encounters, these volumes captivate the imaginations of readers young and old. Included in this collection are a variety of dramatic and spirited poems that contemplate the mysteries of life and celebrate the wild beauty of nature. The Shelf2Life Literature and Fiction Collection provides readers with an opportunity to enjoy and study these iconic literary works, many of which were written during a period of remarkable creativity.