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This book provides standards and guidelines for quantifying greenhouse gas emissions and removals in smallholder agricultural systems and comparing options for climate change mitigation based on emission reductions and livelihood trade-offs. Globally, agriculture is directly responsible for about 11% of annual greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and induces an additional 17% through land use change, mostly in developing countries. Farms in the developing countries of sub-Saharan Africa and Asia are predominately managed by smallholders, with 80% of land holdings smaller than ten hectares. However, little to no information exists on greenhouse gas emissions and mitigation potentials in smallholder agriculture. Greenhouse gas measurements in agriculture are expensive, time consuming, and error prone, challenges only exacerbated by the heterogeneity of smallholder systems and landscapes. Concerns over methodological rigor, measurement costs, and the diversity of approaches, coupled with the demand for robust information suggest it is germane for the scientific community to establish standards of measurements for quantifying GHG emissions from smallholder agriculture. Standard guidelines for use by scientists, development organizations will help generate reliable data on emissions baselines and allow rigorous comparisons of mitigation options. The guidelines described in this book, developed by the CGIAR Research Program on Climate Change, Agriculture, and Food Security (CCAFS) and partners, are intended to inform anyone conducting field measurements of agricultural greenhouse gas sources and sinks, especially to develop IPCC Tier 2 emission factors or to compare mitigation options in smallholder systems.

Life sciences. --- Agriculture. --- Climate change. --- Environmental management. --- Soil science. --- Soil conservation. --- Air pollution. --- Life Sciences. --- Climate Change. --- Atmospheric Protection/Air Quality Control/Air Pollution. --- Soil Science & Conservation. --- Environmental Management. --- Air --- Air contaminants --- Air pollutants --- Air pollution --- Air pollution control --- Air toxics --- Airborne pollutants --- Atmosphere --- Contaminants, Air --- Control of air pollution --- Pollutants, Air --- Toxics, Air --- Conservation of soil --- Erosion control, Soil --- Soil erosion --- Soil erosion control --- Soils --- Pedology (Soil science) --- Environmental stewardship --- Stewardship, Environmental --- Changes, Climatic --- Climate change --- Climate changes --- Climate variations --- Climatic change --- Climatic changes --- Climatic fluctuations --- Climatic variations --- Global climate changes --- Global climatic changes --- Farming --- Husbandry --- Biosciences --- Sciences, Life --- Pollution --- Control --- Prevention --- Conservation --- Environmental aspects --- Air quality --- Atmospheric deposition --- Agricultural conservation --- Soil management --- Agriculture --- Earth sciences --- Environmental sciences --- Management --- Climatology --- Climate change mitigation --- Teleconnections (Climatology) --- Industrial arts --- Life sciences --- Food supply --- Land use, Rural --- Science --- Climatic changes. --- Changes in climate --- Climate change science --- Environmental protection. --- Environmental quality management --- Protection of environment --- Applied ecology --- Environmental engineering --- Environmental policy --- Environmental quality --- Global environmental change --- environmental management --- air quality control --- air pollution --- climate change --- agriculture --- atmospheric protection --- soil science --- conservation