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"Conceptualizing terrorism argues that, in the post 9/11 world, the need for an internationally agreed definition of terrorism is more important than it has ever been, despite the challenges that such an endeavour presents. Indeed, in a global context, where the term is often applied selectively and pejoratively according to where one's interests lie, there is a real need to instill some analytical quality into the concept of terrorism, not least in order to prevent the term being manipulated to justify all manner of counter-terrorism responses. Not only is this important for the policymaking context but it is also an imperative task within academia - in order to strengthen the theoretical foundation of terrorism studies, for all other terrorism related theories rest on what one means by terrorism in the first place. Written from an academic perspective, the book explores the prospects for 'terrorism' as an analytical concept. Arguing that the essence of this particular form of political violence lies in its intent to generate a psychological impact beyond the immediate victims, it goes on to propose the adoption of three key preliminary assumptions that have implications for the definitional debate and that it suggests might help to increase the analytical potential of 'terrorism'. The book then considers potential elements of a definition before concluding with its own conceptualization of terrorism"--Dust jacket.

Terrorism --- Acts of terrorism --- Attacks, Terrorist --- Global terrorism --- International terrorism --- Political terrorism --- Terror attacks --- Terrorist acts --- Terrorist attacks --- World terrorism --- Direct action --- Insurgency --- Political crimes and offenses --- Subversive activities --- Political violence --- Terror --- #SBIB:327.5H21 --- Vrede – oorlog, oorlogssituaties

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This paper is a response to the literature that tests for cointegration between national stock market indices. It argues that apparent findings of cointegration in other studies may often be due to the use of asymptotic, rather than small-sample, critical values. In fact, economic theory suggests that cointegration is unlikely to be observed in efficient markets. However, this paper finds some evidence for the long-horizon predictability of relative returns, and the existence of “winner-loser” reversals across 16 national equity markets. A conclusion is that national stock market indices include a common world component and two country-specific components, one permanent and one transitory.

Econometrics --- Finance: General --- Investments: Stocks --- Macroeconomics --- International Financial Markets --- Time-Series Models --- Dynamic Quantile Regressions --- Dynamic Treatment Effect Models --- Diffusion Processes --- State Space Models --- General Financial Markets: General (includes Measurement and Data) --- Price Level --- Inflation --- Deflation --- Pension Funds --- Non-bank Financial Institutions --- Financial Instruments --- Institutional Investors --- Finance --- Econometrics & economic statistics --- Investment & securities --- Stock markets --- Asset prices --- Vector autoregression --- Stocks --- Price indexes --- Financial markets --- Prices --- Financial institutions --- Econometric analysis --- Stock exchanges --- United States

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This paper examines possible explanations for “winner–loser reversals” in the national stock market indices of 16 countries. There is no evidence that loser countries are riskier than winner countries either in terms of standard deviations, covariance with the world market or other risk factors, or performance in adverse economic states of the world. While there is evidence that small markets are subject to larger reversals than large markets, perhaps because of some form of market imperfection, the reversals are not just a small-market phenomenon. The apparent anomaly of winner-loser reversals in national market indices therefore remains unresolved.

Banks and Banking --- Finance: General --- Investments: Stocks --- Macroeconomics --- International Financial Markets --- General Financial Markets: General (includes Measurement and Data) --- Financial Markets and the Macroeconomy --- Pension Funds --- Non-bank Financial Institutions --- Financial Instruments --- Institutional Investors --- Price Level --- Inflation --- Deflation --- Financing Policy --- Financial Risk and Risk Management --- Capital and Ownership Structure --- Value of Firms --- Goodwill --- Finance --- Investment & securities --- Financial services law & regulation --- Stock markets --- Market capitalization --- Stocks --- Asset prices --- Market risk --- Financial markets --- Financial institutions --- Prices --- Financial regulation and supervision --- Stock exchanges --- Financial services industry --- Financial risk management --- United States

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This paper reviews the recent real exchange rate appreciation observed in the three Baltic countries. Until now, this phenomenon may be viewed primarily as a consequence of the undervalued real exchange rates of the new currencies. Looking ahead, a tendency for continued real appreciation is to be expected as part of the transition process toward higher income levels, due in part to differential productivity growth rates in the tradable and nontradable sectors. In the absence of an appreciation of the nominal exchange rate, this real appreciation will occur through inflation rates that are higher than in industrial countries. Provided that the current prudent economic policies are continued, such higher inflation will not threaten macroeconomic objectives and may indeed be viewed as an indication that the transition process is progressing as expected.

Aggregate Factor Income Distribution --- Conventional peg --- Currency --- Deflation --- Economic Growth of Open Economies --- Foreign Exchange --- Foreign exchange --- Income --- Industrial productivity --- Inflation --- Macroeconomics --- Macroeconomics: Production --- National accounts --- Open Economy Macroeconomics --- Price Level --- Prices --- Production and Operations Management --- Production --- Productivity --- Real exchange rates --- United States