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"Contrary to the claims made by neoliberal governments and mainstream academics, this book argues that the huge increase in trade in recent decades has not made the world a fairer place: instead, the age of globalization has become a time of mass migration caused by increasing global inequality. The theory of unequal exchange challenges the free trade doctrine, claiming that transfers of value from poorer to richer countries are hidden behind apparently equivalent market transactions. Following a critical review of the existing approaches, the book proposes a general theory of unequal exchange in the light of an innovative interpretation of Marx's international law of value, in which money and exchange rates play a crucial role in decoupling value captured from value produced by different countries even in perfectly competitive world markets. On this theoretical basis, the book provides an empirical analysis of the international transfers of value in both traditional trade and Global Value Chains. The resulting world mapping of unequal exchange shows the geographical hierarchy of capital global exploitation, by revealing a world divided in two quite separate camps of donor and receiving countries, the former being the poorer and the latter the richer ones. This book is addressed to scholars and students of economics and social sciences, as well as activists of the North and the South, interested in a better understanding of the asymmetric power relations implied in global trade. It makes a significant contribution to the literature on political economy, trade, Marxism, international relations and economic geography"--

International trade. --- Income distribution. --- Economics.

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Antiquities, Prehistoric.

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People and spaces have always been connected by routes: paths, trails, roads - on land, on water and sometimes even through the air, over hill and dale as well as over wooden planks, pavement and asphalt. Humans and animals followed them. The routes directed the circulation of raw materials and goods. They determined the paths on which humans fled from misery and danger, and they constituted the physical and imagined veins of networks between communities. All these cultural and biological connectivities are the building blocks of reshaping past (and present) societies.In this booklet - the second in the booklet series of the Cluster of Excellence ROOTS at Kiel University - we uncover the roots of these routes: From the earliest stages of the Stone Age to the present day, there have been well-defined routes, which enabled the exchange of things, practices and knowledge between people. Many of these ancient routes are not only still visible today, but even continue to operate: from the Silk Roads spanning the continents to the local routes of the Ox Trail in Schleswig-Holstein, from the waterways of Mesopotamia and the river worlds of the forest zone to the spiritual routes of philosophical contemplation. Moreover, isolation and disruptions of formerly established routes, for example in the Viking diaspora, have also proven to be directional for cultural developments. In a kaleidoscope of perspectives, the roles of landscape and climate are examined. Special attention is given to those routes along which objects, rituals, and therefore also cultural practices were transported. Religious rituals, knowledge, even philosophical insights are shown to have their roots in movement along routes.These and the many other topics in this booklet illustrate to what extent the development of human societies is determined by the routes through which they are connected - or not connected. Modern narratives of a limitless, openly accessible world, grounded in an urban-industrialised experience (or agenda), can get cracks if we look deep enough into the past. It is the paths, the very concrete connections in a material as well as a spiritual sense that influence human lives, their existence and their development. Communication and dialogue along the routes and networks must be maintained, as they were and are the guarantors for a good coexistence of humans in this world.

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Over the last two years the European Union has taken a range of steps to enhance the way it deals with international crises and natural disasters. EU financial resources for crisis response have increased more than four-fold since 2006. These resources are being used in closer cooperation and partnership with European Union Member States, NGOs and the think tank community in Europe and beyond. New ways of acting faster on the basis of early warning have been drawn up. This new book is a collection of writing illustrating the progress made in these areas against the background of discussion and input from policy experts and practitioners in the field. It builds on the range of views aired at the Commission's conference 'From Early Warning to Early action', held in November 2007, involving more than 900 diplomats, officers, practitioners, scholars and advocates, representing all facets of the network of European crisis responders. The book - one of the few comprehensive examinations of crisis response and preparedness in action - is divided into four main parts: partnership-building, mediation and peace-keeping, natural resource wars, and trans-regional threats, early-warning and intelligence. It is a follow-up to "Faster and more united?", an overview of discussion on the EU's crisis response capacity published in 2006.

International movements --- Peaceful settlement of international disputes --- Polemology --- European Union --- Crisis management --- Emergency management --- Humanitarian assistance, European. --- Humanitarian intervention --- Peace-building --- National security --- Gestion de crise --- Gestion des situations d'urgence --- Aide humanitaire européenne --- Droit d'ingérence humanitaire --- Consolidation de la paix --- Sécurité nationale --- 355.01 --- #SBIB:327.7H233 --- #SBIB:327.5H21 --- Oorlogsfilosofie. Oorlogsrechtvaardiging. Polemologie. Irenologie. Vredesonderzoek --- Europese Unie: externe relaties, buitenlands- en defensiebeleid (ook WEU) --- Vrede – oorlog, oorlogssituaties --- E-books --- Peace-building. --- 355.01 Oorlogsfilosofie. Oorlogsrechtvaardiging. Polemologie. Irenologie. Vredesonderzoek --- 822.5 Europese Unie --- 856.1 Conflictpreventie --- Aide humanitaire européenne --- Droit d'ingérence humanitaire --- Sécurité nationale --- Humanitarian assistance, European --- Building peace --- Peacebuilding --- Conflict management --- Peace --- Peacekeeping forces --- Intervention (International law) --- European humanitarian assistance --- Consequence management (Emergency management) --- Disaster planning --- Disaster preparedness --- Disaster prevention --- Disaster relief --- Disasters --- Emergencies --- Emergency planning --- Emergency preparedness --- Management --- Public safety --- First responders --- Crises --- Management of crises --- Problem solving --- Planning --- Preparedness --- Prevention