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Respiration in plants, as in all living organisms, is essential to provide metabolic energy and carbon skeletons for growth and maintenance. As such, respiration is an essential component of a plant’s carbon budget. Depending on species and environmental conditions, it consumes 25-75% of all the carbohydrates produced in photosynthesis – even more at extremely slow growth rates. Respiration in plants can also proceed in a manner that produces neither metabolic energy nor carbon skeletons, but heat. This type of respiration involves the cyanide-resistant, alternative oxidase; it is unique to plants, and resides in the mitochondria. The activity of this alternative pathway can be measured based on a difference in fractionation of oxygen isotopes between the cytochrome and the alternative oxidase. Heat production is important in some flowers to attract pollinators; however, the alternative oxidase also plays a major role in leaves and roots of most plants. A common thread throughout this volume is to link respiration, including alternative oxidase activity, to plant functioning in different environments.

Plants --- Plant physiology. --- Botany --- Physiology --- Respiration. --- Plant respiration --- Plant physiology --- Respiration --- Gases from plants --- Effect of anaerobiosis on --- Cell Respiration. --- Ecology. --- Plant and Crop Sciences. Botany --- Plant Ecology. --- Metabolism. --- Botany. --- Agriculture. --- Science --- Plant Sciences. --- Plant Physiology. --- Science Education. --- Study and teaching. --- Science education --- Scientific education --- Ecology --- Botanical science --- Phytobiology --- Phytography --- Phytology --- Plant biology --- Plant science --- Biology --- Natural history --- Farming --- Husbandry --- Industrial arts --- Life sciences --- Food supply --- Land use, Rural --- Phytoecology --- Vegetation ecology --- Plant science. --- Plant ecology. --- Science education. --- Floristic botany --- Floristic ecology