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The silencing of gene expression by small interfering RNAs has been recognized for only a relatively short time, but this has transformed our understanding of both transcriptional and post-transcriptional gene regulatory mechanisms. Multiple pathways culminate in formation of an RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC) containing a member of the Argonaute protein family bound to a 22-nt RNA strand that interacts with a target mRNA or gene through Watson-Crick base pairing. One consequence is mRNA-specific inhibition of protein synthesis. Evidence has been presented for diverse mechanisms, but there is not universal agreement in the field of how RISCs affect the translational machinery. The chapters collected in this volume represent contribution by leaders in the search to understand how miRNAs affect translation. They include chapters representing work in plants and Caenorhabditis elegans, the biological systems that originally led to the discovery of small interfering RNAs, but also include chapters on mammalian systems, with special emphasis on regulation of a key tumor suppressor and a protein that restricts human immunodeficiency virus 1 (HIV-1).

Genetic translation -- Regulation. --- Genetic translation. --- Genetic translation --- Non-coding RNA --- Gene silencing --- RNA Interference --- Physiology --- MicroRNAs --- Genetics --- Gene Expression Regulation --- RNA, Small Untranslated --- RNA, Antisense --- Biology --- Genetic Processes --- Gene Silencing --- Biological Science Disciplines --- Epigenesis, Genetic --- Genetic Phenomena --- Natural Science Disciplines --- Antisense Elements (Genetics) --- RNA --- RNA, Untranslated --- Nucleic Acids, Nucleotides, and Nucleosides --- Nucleic Acids --- Phenomena and Processes --- Disciplines and Occupations --- Chemicals and Drugs --- Biology - General --- Biophysics --- Biochemistry --- Chemistry --- Health & Biological Sciences --- Physical Sciences & Mathematics --- Regulation --- RNA. --- Gene silencing. --- Translation (Genetics) --- Gene inactivation --- Inactivation, Gene --- Silencing, Gene --- Ribonucleic acid --- Ribose nucleic acid --- Life sciences. --- Gene expression. --- Molecular biology. --- Biochemistry. --- Cell biology. --- Life Sciences. --- Biochemistry, general. --- Cell Biology. --- Gene Expression. --- Molecular Medicine. --- Genetic code --- Genetic regulation --- Nucleic acids --- Ribose --- Cytology. --- Medicine. --- Clinical sciences --- Medical profession --- Human biology --- Life sciences --- Medical sciences --- Pathology --- Physicians --- Genes --- Cell biology --- Cellular biology --- Cells --- Cytologists --- Biological chemistry --- Chemical composition of organisms --- Organisms --- Physiological chemistry --- Expression --- Composition --- Health Workforce --- Molecular biochemistry --- Molecular biophysics --- Biomolecules --- Systems biology --- Molecular genetics. --- Medicine --- Molecular Genetics. --- Biomedical Research. --- Research. --- Molecular biology --- Biological research --- Biomedical research

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Amino acids --- Cellular signal transduction. --- Genetic translation. --- Insulin --- Protein kinases. --- Proteins --- Proteins --- Physiological effect. --- Physiological effect. --- Metabolism --- Regulation. --- Synthesis.

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The silencing of gene expression by small interfering RNAs has been recognized for only a relatively short time, but this has transformed our understanding of both transcriptional and post-transcriptional gene regulatory mechanisms. Multiple pathways culminate in formation of an RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC) containing a member of the Argonaute protein family bound to a 22-nt RNA strand that interacts with a target mRNA or gene through Watson-Crick base pairing. One consequence is mRNA-specific inhibition of protein synthesis. Evidence has been presented for diverse mechanisms, but there is not universal agreement in the field of how RISCs affect the translational machinery. The chapters collected in this volume represent contribution by leaders in the search to understand how miRNAs affect translation. They include chapters representing work in plants and Caenorhabditis elegans, the biological systems that originally led to the discovery of small interfering RNAs, but also include chapters on mammalian systems, with special emphasis on regulation of a key tumor suppressor and a protein that restricts human immunodeficiency virus 1 (HIV-1).

Genetics --- Histology. Cytology --- General biochemistry --- Molecular biology --- biochemie --- cytologie --- histologie --- moleculaire biologie --- genexpressie