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The real-world data, though massive, is largely unstructured, in the form of natural-language text. It is challenging but highly desirable to mine structures from massive text data, without extensive human annotation and labeling. In this book, we investigate the principles and methodologies of mining structures of factual knowledge (e.g., entities and their relationships) from massive, unstructured text corpora. Departing from many existing structure extraction methods that have heavy reliance on human annotated data for model training, our effort-light approach leverages human-curated facts stored in external knowledge bases as distant supervision and exploits rich data redundancy in large text corpora for context understanding. This effort-light mining approach leads to a series of new principles and powerful methodologies for structuring text corpora, including (1) entity recognition, typing and synonym discovery, (2) entity relation extraction, and (3) open-domain attribute-value mining and information extraction. This book introduces this new research frontier and points out some promising research directions.

Data mining. --- Statistics. --- Data Mining and Knowledge Discovery.

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China and International Commercial Dispute Resolution presents important contributions from eminent legal scholars from Europe, the United States, Australia, South America, and China in a variety of areas of international commercial law with relevance to China. The authors provide expert analyses from a number of perspectives – doctrinal, comparative, empirical, economic, and legal – on an array of issues, private and public, involved in or arising from international commercial dispute resolution in China.

Conflict of laws --- International commercial arbitration. --- Arbitration agreements, Commercial --- Dispute resolution (Law) --- Arbitration and award --- Arbitration clauses, Commercial --- Commercial arbitration agreements --- Compromise (Arbitration agreement) --- Submission (Arbitration agreement) --- Arbitration and award, International --- Commercial arbitration, International --- International arbitration and award --- International commercial arbitration --- Choice of law --- Intermunicipal law --- International law, Private --- International private law --- Private international law --- Law --- Legal polycentricity --- Law and legislation --- Civil law