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Les droits fondamentaux, définis comme des libertés garanties par la Constitution nationale ou par le droit international, sont traditionnellement conçus comme des normes qui s'appliquent aux relations « verticales » entre l'État et l'individu. Des auteurs et des juges allemands ont néanmoins développé depuis longtemps l'idée que les droits fondamentaux protégeaient également leurs titulaires contre des atteintes commises par des personnes privées. Cette thèse de l'effet « horizontal », de la « Drittwirkung » des droits fondamentaux a connu une importante diffusion internationale. En Allemagne, si cette théorie semble claire dans ses grandes lignes, elle fait toujours l'objet de nombreux débats qui portent tant sur son ampleur que sur son fonctionnement exact. Aux États-Unis, des questions similaires sont abordées sous l'angle de la « state action doctrine ». En droit international des droits de l'homme et en droit de l'Union européenne, cette théorie est en plein essor. En France, si la référence à l'effet horizontal est désormais répandue, la réflexion sur ce thème demeure à ses balbutiements. Les contributions rassemblées dans cet ouvrage présentent le dernier état de la réflexion théorique sur la question, et analysent les modalités essentielles d'application de cette théorie dans divers ordres juridiques et en droit comparé.
Effet direct horizontal. --- Droits de l'homme. --- Droits de l'homme (droit international) --- Droits de l'homme (droit européen) --- Études comparatives --- Human rights --- Comparative law --- Droit comparé --- State action (Civil rights) --- State action (Droits de l'homme) --- Civil rights --- Droits de l'homme --- Études comparatives.
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This book explores both the possibilities and limits of arguments from human nature in the context of human rights. Can the concept of human nature provide a basis for understanding fundamental rights? Is it plausible to justify the claim to universal validity of human rights by reference to human nature? Or does the idea of human rights in its modern, post-1945 manifestation go, in essence, beyond human nature? The essays in this volume introduce naturalistic positions and their concomitant critiques. They address the role that human nature both actually does and potentially may play in forming a foundation for and acting as an exemplification of fundamental rights. Beyond that, they give attention to the challenges caused by Life Sciences. Human nature itself is subject to transformation and transgression in an unprecedented manner. The essays reflect on issues such as reproduction, species manipulation, corporeal autonomy, and enhancement. Contributors are jurists, philosophers, and political scientists from Germany, Switzerland, Turkey, Poland, and Japan.
Human rights --- Natural law --- Law, Politics & Government --- Philosophy & Religion --- Philosophy --- Law, General & Comparative --- Human Rights --- Philosophy. --- Moral and ethical aspects. --- Law. --- Political science. --- Behavioral sciences. --- Law --- Anthropology. --- Theories of Law, Philosophy of Law, Legal History. --- Philosophy of Law. --- Behavioral Sciences. --- Human beings --- Jurisprudence --- Administration --- Civil government --- Commonwealth, The --- Government --- Political theory --- Political thought --- Politics --- Science, Political --- Social sciences --- State, The --- Acts, Legislative --- Enactments, Legislative --- Laws (Statutes) --- Legislative acts --- Legislative enactments --- Legislation --- Philosophy of law. --- Animal behavior. --- Animals --- Animals, Habits and behavior of --- Behavior, Animal --- Ethology --- Animal psychology --- Zoology --- Ethologists --- Psychology, Comparative --- Behavior --- Law—Philosophy. --- Primitive societies
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This book explores both the possibilities and limits of arguments from human nature in the context of human rights. Can the concept of human nature provide a basis for understanding fundamental rights? Is it plausible to justify the claim to universal validity of human rights by reference to human nature? Or does the idea of human rights in its modern, post-1945 manifestation go, in essence, beyond human nature? The essays in this volume introduce naturalistic positions and their concomitant critiques. They address the role that human nature both actually does and potentially may play in forming a foundation for and acting as an exemplification of fundamental rights. Beyond that, they give attention to the challenges caused by Life Sciences. Human nature itself is subject to transformation and transgression in an unprecedented manner. The essays reflect on issues such as reproduction, species manipulation, corporeal autonomy, and enhancement. Contributors are jurists, philosophers, and political scientists from Germany, Switzerland, Turkey, Poland, and Japan.
Social psychology --- Legal theory and methods. Philosophy of law --- Law --- Ethnology. Cultural anthropology --- sociale psychologie --- filosofie --- recht
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