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Employing a view of culture as a communicative phenomenon involving discursive engagement, which is deeply influenced by social and economic inequalities, the authors argue that the struggle to break free of poverty is as much a cultural process as it is political and economic. In this paper, they analyze important examples of discursive spaces - public meetings in Indian village democracies (gram sabhas), where villagers make important decisions about budgetary allocations for village development and the selection of beneficiaries for anti-poverty programs. They examine 290 transcripts of gram sabhas from South India to demonstrate how they create a culture of civic/political engagement among poor people, and how definitions of poverty and beneficiary-selection criteria are understood and interrogated within them. Through this examination, they highlight the process by which gram sabhas facilitate the acquisition of crucial cultural capabilities such as discursive skills and civic agency by poor and disadvantaged groups. They illustrate how the poor and socially marginalized deploy these discursive skills in a resource-scarce and socially stratified environment in making material and non-material demands in their search for dignity. The intersection of poverty, culture, and deliberative democracy is a topic of broad relevance because it sheds light on cultural processes that can be influenced by public action in a manner that helps improve the voice and agency of the poor.

Ancestral --- Anthropology --- Art --- Basic --- Beliefs --- Cultural context --- Cultural Heritage and Preservation --- Cultural life --- Cultural Policy --- Culture and Development --- Economic growth --- Education --- Governance --- ICT Policy and Strategies --- Information and Communication Technologies --- Intellectual history --- Knowledge for Development --- Learning --- Legislation --- Literacy --- Literature --- Parliamentary Government --- Philosophy --- Pluralism --- Population --- Population Policies --- Primary Education --- Public Sector Corruption and Anticorruption Measures --- Public Sector Development --- Rituals --- Rural Development --- Rural Poverty Reduction --- Social capital --- Stone --- Tradition --- Traditional cultures --- Vernacular style

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Employing a view of culture as a communicative phenomenon involving discursive engagement, which is deeply influenced by social and economic inequalities, the authors argue that the struggle to break free of poverty is as much a cultural process as it is political and economic. In this paper, they analyze important examples of discursive spaces - public meetings in Indian village democracies (gram sabhas), where villagers make important decisions about budgetary allocations for village development and the selection of beneficiaries for anti-poverty programs. They examine 290 transcripts of gram sabhas from South India to demonstrate how they create a culture of civic/political engagement among poor people, and how definitions of poverty and beneficiary-selection criteria are understood and interrogated within them. Through this examination, they highlight the process by which gram sabhas facilitate the acquisition of crucial cultural capabilities such as discursive skills and civic agency by poor and disadvantaged groups. They illustrate how the poor and socially marginalized deploy these discursive skills in a resource-scarce and socially stratified environment in making material and non-material demands in their search for dignity. The intersection of poverty, culture, and deliberative democracy is a topic of broad relevance because it sheds light on cultural processes that can be influenced by public action in a manner that helps improve the voice and agency of the poor.

Ancestral --- Anthropology --- Art --- Basic --- Beliefs --- Cultural context --- Cultural Heritage and Preservation --- Cultural life --- Cultural Policy --- Culture and Development --- Economic growth --- Education --- Governance --- ICT Policy and Strategies --- Information and Communication Technologies --- Intellectual history --- Knowledge for Development --- Learning --- Legislation --- Literacy --- Literature --- Parliamentary Government --- Philosophy --- Pluralism --- Population --- Population Policies --- Primary Education --- Public Sector Corruption and Anticorruption Measures --- Public Sector Development --- Rituals --- Rural Development --- Rural Poverty Reduction --- Social capital --- Stone --- Tradition --- Traditional cultures --- Vernacular style

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Oral Democracy studies citizens' voices in civic and political deliberations in India's gram sabhas (village assemblies), the largest deliberative institution in human history. It analyses nearly three hundred transcripts of gram sabhas, sampled within the framework of a natural experiment, allowing the authors to study how state policy affects the quality of discourse, citizens' discursive performances and state enactments embodied by elected leaders and public officials. By drawing out the varieties of speech apparent in citizen and state interactions, their analysis shows that citizens' oral participation in development and governance can be improved by strengthening deliberative spaces through policy. Even in conditions of high inequality and illiteracy, gram sabhas can create discursive equality by developing the 'oral competence' of citizens and establishing a space in which they can articulate their interests. The authors develop the concept of 'oral democracy' to aid the understanding of deliberative systems in non-Western and developing countries. This title is also available as Open Access.

Gram sabha --- Direct democracy --- Discourse analysis --- Political aspects. --- India --- Politics and government --- Discourse grammar --- Text grammar --- Semantics --- Semiotics --- Direct legislation --- Democracy --- Referendum --- Local government --- Villages --- comparative politics --- political theory --- development studies --- South Asian studies --- political sociology --- research methods

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