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Wages --- Indonesia

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Public finance --- Public economics

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Zonder onderwerpscode: wereldeconomie, ontwikkelingsproblematiek

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November 1999 - Unemployment in Sri Lanka is largely voluntary. The underlying problem is not a shortage of jobs but the artificial gap between good jobs and bad ones. Policy efforts should be aimed at reducing the gap between good and bad jobs by making product markets more competitive, reducing excessive job security, and reforming government policies on pay and employment. Sri Lanka's high unemployment rate has been attributed to a mismatch of skills, to queuing for public sector jobs, and to stringent job security regulations. But the empirical evidence supporting these explanations is weak. Rama takes a fresh look at the country's unemployment problem, using individual records from the 1995 Labor Force Survey and time series for wages in the economy's formal and informal sectors. He assesses, and rejects, the skills mismatch hypothesis by comparing the impact of educational attainment on the actual wages of those who have a job with the effect on the lowest acceptable wages of the unemployed. However, he finds substantial rents associated with jobs in the public sector and in private sector activities protected by high tariffs or covered by job security regulations. A time-series analysis of the impact of unemployment on wage increases across sectors supports the hypothesis that most of the unemployed are waiting for good job openings but are not interested in readily available bad jobs. In short, unemployment in Sri Lanka is largely voluntary. The problem is not a shortage of jobs but the artificial gap between good and bad jobs. Policy efforts should be aimed at reducing the gap between good and bad jobs by making product markets more competitive, by reducing excessive job security, and by reforming government policies on pay and employment. This paper was written as part of a broader labor study undertaken by the Poverty Reduction and Economic Management Sector Unit, South Asia Region. The study was also supported by the Bank's Research Support Budget under the research project The Impact of Labor Market Policies and Institutions on Economic Performance (RPO 680-96). The author may be contacted at mrama@worldbank.org.

Educational Attainment --- Export Processing Zones --- Finance and Financial Sector Development --- Financial Literacy --- High Unemployment --- High Unemployment Rate --- Job --- Job Security --- Labor --- Labor Force --- Labor Market --- Labor Market Participants --- Labor Market Policies --- Labor Markets --- Labor Study --- Management --- Private Sector --- Private Sector Activities --- Public Sector Jobs --- Social Protections and Labor --- Unemployed --- Unemployment --- Unemployment Problem --- Unemployment Rates

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Inequality in South Asia appears to be moderate when looking at standard indicators such as the Gini index, which are based on consumption expenditures per capita. But other pieces of evidence reveal enormous gaps, from extravagant wealth at one end to lack of access to the most basic services at the other. Which prompts the question: How bad is inequality in South Asia? And why would that matter? This book takes a comprehensive look at the extent, nature, and drivers of inequality in this very dynamic region of the world. It discusses how some dimensions of inequality, such as high returns to

Poverty --- Equality --- South Asia --- Economic conditions. --- Social conditions. --- Egalitarianism --- Inequality --- Social equality --- Social inequality --- Asia, South --- Indian Sub-continent --- Indian Subcontinent --- Southern Asia --- Political science --- Sociology --- Democracy --- Liberty --- Asia, Southern --- Orient