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The primary purpose of this toolkit is to provide a resource for researchers from various disciplines interested in planning and evaluating programs or interventions aimed at improving the health and development of infants and young children. The toolkit aims to: provide an overview of issues affecting early development and its measurement; discuss the types of tests typically used with children under five years; provide guidelines for selecting and adapting tests for use in developing countries, and make recommendations for planning successful assessment strategies. The toolkit focuses on children who have not yet entered school, and are thus under six years old. The primary reason we are focusing on this age group is that during the first five years of life, children's language, early understanding of mathematics and reading, and self-control emerge. The extent to which children master these skills during this critical period has implications for success in school (Lerner, 1998), and thus we wanted to focus on children in this pre-school period. The toolkit is essential at this time for the following reasons: children in developing countries are growing up at a disadvantage; assessments of children must expand to include a wider range of outcomes; and no such toolkit exists as present.

Adaptation --- Cognitive Development --- Communication Skills --- Curriculum --- Early Childhood --- Early Childhood Development --- Early Childhood Education --- Education --- Gender --- Health Monitoring & Evaluation --- Health, Nutrition and Population --- Infancy --- Kindergarten --- Literacy --- Mental Health --- Nutrition --- Primary Education --- Quality Control --- Reading --- Schools --- Social Skills --- Speech --- Teachers --- Violence --- Wages --- Workers

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A special issue to mark the 50th anniversary of the Bernard van Leer Foundation's first grant in early childhood, this edition of Early Childhood Matters surveys the state of the early childhood field, reflecting on what we know and what are the priorities for the future. Guest-edited by Joan Lombardi, it includes contributions from experts on a range of subjects including brain science, nutrition, home visiting, parent support, pre-primary, fatherhood, emergency contexts, children with disabilities, measurement and leadership.