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The Grameen Bank of Bangladesh has been extending small loans to poor borrowers (primarily women) to promote self-employment and income generation since 1976. The apparent success of the Grameen Bank (that is, recruitment of clients, investment of loans, recovery rates on invested loans and profit margins) has made microcredit a new model for poverty alleviation and sustainable development. Anthropological research results on Grameen Bank lending to women presented in this book, however, illuminates the link between the success of the bank and debt-cycling of borrowers. The priority of ea
Women --- Bangladesh --- Social Science --- Business & Economics
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The Grameen Bank of Bangladesh has been extending small loans to poor borrowers (primarily women) to promote self-employment and income generation since 1976. The apparent success of the Grameen Bank (that is, recruitment of clients, investment of loans, recovery rates on invested loans and profit margins) has made microcredit a new model for poverty alleviation and sustainable development. Anthropological research results on Grameen Bank lending to women presented in this book, however, illuminates the link between the success of the bank and debt-cycling of borrowers. The priority of earning profits to insure institutional economic viability caused Bank employees at the grassroots level to emphasize increasing the number of loans disbursed and loan recovery. By using the joint liability model of lending, the Bank workers and borrowing peers impose intense pressure on clients for timely repayment. Many borrowers maintain their regular payment schedules, but do so through a process of loan recycling (that is, pay off previous loans with new ones) that considerably increases borrower debt liability. The debt burdens on individual households in turn increase tension and anxiety among household members and produce unintended consequences for many clients. This book examines women borrowers' involvement with the microcredit program of the Grameen Bank, and the grassroots lending structure of the bank; it illustrates the implications of Grameen lending for the borrowers, their household members and bank workers. The focus of the study is on the processes of village-level microcredit operation; it addresses the realities of the day-to-day lives of women borrowers and bank workers and explains informant strategies for involving themselves in this microcredit scheme. The study is on the power dynamics of everyday lives of informants as they affect women borrowers' relationships within the household and the loan centers, and bank worker relationships within the loan center and the bank.
Bank loans --- Rural women --- Prêts bancaires --- Femmes en milieu rural --- Bank loans. --- Economic conditions. --- Conditions économiques. --- Grameen Bank. --- Bangladesh.
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This paper reviews the literature on the role of the investment climate reforms in job creation. It finds that the current landscape of employment and private sector activity in developing countries indicates a number of potential channels through which investment climate reforms can positively affect job creation. However, rigorous empirical evidence is scarce and most of the relevant studies focus on business entry reforms with a few focusing on business taxation and investment promotion activities. Overall, there is evidence of job creation through business entry, tax reforms, and investment promotion activity in developing countries. Almost all of these evidences are from quasi-experimental studies that are significant improvements over conventional cross-country or cross-section panel data analysis. Still, various endogeneity concerns in these studies cannot be ruled out completely. In assessing job effects, future research should provide deeper insights on the gross versus net and short-run versus long-run job effects and general equilibrium effects of various investment climate reforms related to jobs, productivity, competition, and other developmental outcomes. Another critical agenda for future research is to shed light on which investment climate reforms matter most for spurring the employment and productivity growth of firms in developing countries. The World Bank Group, in partnership with development partners and client government countries, can play a significant role in bridging the current knowledge gap by integrating rigorous evaluation as an integral part of project design and implementation, and improving data quality, particularly through its information and communication technologies-led private sector development reform initiatives.
Access to Finance --- Business Environment --- Emerging Markets --- Environment --- Environmental Economics & Policies --- Finance and Financial Sector Development --- Impact Evaluation --- Investment Climate --- Jobs --- Labor Markets --- Public Sector Development --- Social Protections and Labor
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Using calories in a unitary framework, previous literature has claimed lack of gender inequality in intrahousehold food distribution. This paper finds that while there is lack of gender disparity in the calorie adequacy ratio, the disparity is prominent among children, adolescents, and adults for a number of critical nutrients. Pregnant and lactating women also receive much less of most of these nutrients compared with their requirements. A wife's bargaining power (proxied by assets at marriage), as opposed to her husband's, significantly and positively affects the nutrient allocations of children and adolescents and of adult females. The bargaining effects remain significant after controlling for unobserved household characteristics and the potential nutrition-health-labor market linkage. The findings, which have important policy implications for the growing problem of micronutrient malnutrition in the developing world, also imply that perhaps the nutrition-health-labor market linkage as a key explanation for intrahousehold food distribution has been overemphasized in the previous literature.
Bargaining --- Finance and Financial Sector Development --- Gender --- Gender and Health --- Health Monitoring & Evaluation --- Housing & Human Habitats --- Inequality --- Intrahousehold --- Nutrient --- Nutrition --- Population Policies
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The paper augments Holmstrom's (1982) team production model in the context of aid effectiveness. The analysis shows how donor proliferation leads to inefficient supply of aid in the recipient country because of the free-riding problem faced by the donors. The empirical findings support the theoretical prediction with regard to donor proliferation. However, this raises the question whether the current efforts in the international aid community with regard to donor coordination can in fact solve the aid proliferation problem.
Aid --- Aid effectiveness --- Aid projects --- Aid recipients --- Coastal and Marine Environment --- Development Assistance --- Development Economics and Aid Effectiveness --- Development issues --- Development policies --- Disability --- Economic growth --- Education --- Effectiveness of aid --- Environment --- Gender --- Gender and Health --- Global Development --- International aid --- Macroeconomics and Economic Growth --- Policy Research --- Policy Research Working Paper --- Population size --- Progress --- Recipient countries --- Recipient country --- Recipient government --- Recipient governments --- School Health --- Social Protections and Labor
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The paper augments Holmstrom's (1982) team production model in the context of aid effectiveness. The analysis shows how donor proliferation leads to inefficient supply of aid in the recipient country because of the free-riding problem faced by the donors. The empirical findings support the theoretical prediction with regard to donor proliferation. However, this raises the question whether the current efforts in the international aid community with regard to donor coordination can in fact solve the aid proliferation problem.
Aid --- Aid effectiveness --- Aid projects --- Aid recipients --- Coastal and Marine Environment --- Development Assistance --- Development Economics and Aid Effectiveness --- Development issues --- Development policies --- Disability --- Economic growth --- Education --- Effectiveness of aid --- Environment --- Gender --- Gender and Health --- Global Development --- International aid --- Macroeconomics and Economic Growth --- Policy Research --- Policy Research Working Paper --- Population size --- Progress --- Recipient countries --- Recipient country --- Recipient government --- Recipient governments --- School Health --- Social Protections and Labor
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Research on the economic consequences of corruption has been hampered by the inability to directly measure corruption. Using an innovative methodology that allows respondents to report individual experiences with corruption while minimizing self-incrimination and an objective diagnostic to evaluate lying (false responses), this paper explores the extent of business corruption in Bangladesh. The analysis shows that traditional measures of corruption underreport the extent of business corruption in Bangladesh and existing strategies to evaluate and elicit truthful responses have limited effectiveness. The authors identify the types of firms that are associated with false responses and nonresponses to survey questions on corruption.
Bankruptcy and Resolution of Financial Distress --- Corruption --- Corruption & Anticorruption Law --- Investment --- Law and Development --- Macroeconomics and Economic Growth --- Poverty Monitoring & Analysis --- Public Sector Corruption & Anticorruption Measures --- Randomized Response Technique --- Social Accountability --- Survey Experiment --- Bangladesh
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