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Focusing on the evolution of training and policy-making and highlighting contemporary issues confronting those in training, Anne-Marie Rafferty analyses how far nursing fits into the mould of both a profession and an academic discipline.

Nursing --- Professional socialization --- Occupational prestige --- Nurses --- Nurses and nursing --- Registered nurses --- RNs (Registered nurses) --- Medical personnel --- Job status (Occupational prestige) --- Occupational hierarchy --- Occupational status (Occupational prestige) --- Prestige --- Socialization --- Clinical nursing --- Nursing process --- Care of the sick --- Medicine --- Study and teaching --- Government policy --- Political aspects --- Social conditions.

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'Who is a nurse?' and 'What is nursing?' seem to be simple questions yet the answers are strangely elusive. This book explores the variations in structure and organization of the nursing workforce across fourteen different countries in Europe. This diversity, and the reasons for it, are of more than academic interest. The work of nurses has always had a critical impact on patient outcomes. As health systems shift radically in response to rising demand, the role of nurses becomes even more important. The lessons learned from comparative case-study analysis demonstrate wide variation in every dimension of the workforce. It examines what a nurse is; nurse-to-doctor and nurse-to-population ratios; the education, regulation and issuing of credentials to nurses; and the planning of the workforce. While comparative analysis across countries brings these differences into sharp relief, it also reveals how the EU functions as an important 'binding agent', drawing these diverse elements together into a more coherent whole. This book is part of a two-volume study on the contributions that nurses make to strengthening health systems. This is the first time that the topic of nursing has been dealt with at length within the Observatory Health Policy Series. The aim is to raise the profile of nursing within health policy and draw the attention of decision-makers. Volume 1 is a series of national case studies drawn from Belgium, England, Finland, Germany, Greece, Ireland, the Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Spain, Sweden, and Switzerland. The countries were chosen as the subject of a large EU-funded study of nursing (RN4Cast). Lithuania and Slovenia were added to provide broader geographical and policy reach. Volume 2 will provide thematic analysis of important policy issues such as quality of care, workforce planning, education and training, regulation and migration.

Nursing --- Medical policy

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This chapter has explored the role of training and education as a light- ning rod for rival models and interpretations of public health nursing. Nurses faced the constraints of conventional British social norms of class and gender in Malaya, contrasted with respect, status, and opportunities from North Americans. Hostility was displayed towards Americans within the Malayan medical services, affecting the way in which the RF-trained British nurses perceived colonial society, following their interaction with their friendlier and more egalitarian cross-Atlantic colleagues. The chapter also reveals how British, American, and international organizations' efforts and funding to improve public health nursing in rural areas coincided with periods of increased nationalism in the 1920s and communism in the late 1940s and early 1950s. In the 1920s, in particular, the RF, rather than the British, drove public health nursing in Malaya, enhancing health care in politically fragile rural areas.

Public health nursing.

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Midwifery --- Social aspects --- History --- Obstetrics --- Europe --- 19th century --- 20th century --- United States --- Midwifery - Europe - History - 19th century. --- Midwifery - Europe - History - 20th century. --- Midwifery - Social aspects - Europe. --- Midwifery - United States - History - 19th century. --- Midwifery - United States - History - 20th century. --- Midwifery - Social aspects - United States. --- Vroedkunde

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Germs and governance brings together leading historians, practitioners and policymakers to consider the past, present and future of hospital infection control. Combining historical case studies with practitioner experiences, this volume offers a new understanding of the emergence of theories of germ transmission and containment and how these theories played out in real-world environments, networks and professional organisations. Exploring the historical context in which technologies like gloves were developed and popularised, as well as how relationships between communities and hospitals, doctors and nurses, and the emerging role of hospital bacteriologists have shaped infection control practices, the collection emphasises the diverse contexts in which ideas about germs, infection and safety circulated. It addresses the historical neglect of the critical role of nurses in infection control, arguing that nurses represent a touchstone for understanding the development and success of infection control measures. Moving beyond the linear narratives of discovery, milestones and prominent figures found in earlier accounts of hospital infection, this interdisciplinary collection makes use of a variety of methodological approaches, including health services research, historical analysis and economic, sociological and anthropological exploration of key words, concepts and attitudes.

Nosocomial infections --- Hospitals --- Hospital buildings --- Prevention --- Administration --- Sanitation --- History.