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There is increasing recognition of the prevalence of trauma exposure among youth involved in the juvenile justice system. To better address the needs of these youth while mitigating negative downstream consequences of their behavior (e.g., youth recidivism), there have been efforts to develop trauma-informed programming. In this report, the authors conduct an evaluation of a trauma-informed pilot program run by the Colorado Division of Youth Services (DYS) in a residential youth facility. The authors find that core elements of the pilot program are consistent with trauma-informed models. Similar models, such as the Missouri Model, have been demonstrated to be effective in reducing negative youth and staff outcomes. However, the authors found few significant effects of the pilot program on outcomes of interest during the evaluation period. That said, there were a number of implementation challenges that may have contributed to the lack of significant differences. These include potential contamination effects, as staff and youth from across units interacted during the study period, as well as obstacles related to staffing levels and larger facility-level concerns. As the program continues to be implemented, it will be important to develop a clear program model; address concerns related to training and staffing levels; and continue to monitor the implementation and outcomes of the program.

Juvenile delinquency --- Juvenile justice, Administration of --- Juvenile delinquents --- Rehabilitation --- Colorado.

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Hospital buildings --- Hospitals --- Earthquake effects --- Safety measures.

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The COVID-19 pandemic led to a substantial drop in U.S. economic activity in 2020. Businesses often purchase business interruption coverage for loss of revenue due to fires and other perils, but insurers have held that in most cases they are not obligated to cover the enormous losses caused by COVID-19. Now, insurers, insurance industry trade groups, policyholder groups, and Congress have developed proposals to expand the availability of insurance for pandemic-induced business closures or restrictions. The programs differ in several key dimensions, including the amount of risk borne by commercial insurers, the approach to paying claims, the extent to which the U.S. government receives a premium for the risk it bears, and the extent of policyholder subsidies. But the programs all seek to define benefits and the benefit distribution mechanism in advance rather than rely on programs hastily crafted after an event occurs. The authors describe the distinguishing features of the most-visible proposals and develop a quantitative model that projects their potential consequences. Proposed programs are evaluated in terms of the proportion of revenue decline replaced (efficacy), efficiency, affordability, the risk borne by the commercial insurers, expected annual government net outlays, and the amount of subsidy provided to policyholders. This analysis provides information useful to assessing the advantages and disadvantages of different approaches for improving the availability and affordability of pandemic risk insurance.

Business income insurance --- Liability insurance --- Disaster insurance --- COVID-19 (Disease) --- COVID-19 Pandemic, 2020 --- -Economic aspects --- Economic aspects --- United States.

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To investigate the impact that the widespread deployment of autonomous vehicles (AVs) could have on automobile insurance in the United States, RAND Corporation researchers interviewed 43 subject-matter experts from 35 stakeholder organizations and conducted an extensive literature review. A key finding from their research is that the existing automobile insurance system in the United States should be sufficiently flexible to accommodate the introduction of AVs. Experts generally agreed that, although some changes to the U.S. auto insurance model may be indicated as vehicles incorporate higher levels of automation, it is too early to make radical changes to the U.S. automobile insurance system. In addition, a majority of experts predicted that AVs would be deployed in a fleet ownership model, although their predictions regarding the specific formulation of fleet ownership differed. A majority of experts also said that the automobile insurance claims process for accidents involving AVs and conventional cars would not change significantly in the future, and experts agreed that consumer acceptance was very important to the successful deployment of AVs. In addition, the authors explored experts' assessments of the benefits and drawbacks of proposed future insurance models for AVs, such as statutory no-fault compensation schemes, current no-fault insurance models used in some U.S. states, fleet insurance, and manufacturer self-insurance. They also interviewed experts in the United Kingdom, Australia, Japan, and Canada about how those countries were adapting their insurance frameworks to incorporate AVs and ensure the compensation of those injured in accidents.

Automobile insurance --- Automated vehicles --- Torts

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Who might face civil liability if autonomous vehicles (AVs) are hacked to steal data or inflict mayhem, injuries, and damage? How will the civil justice and insurance systems adjust to handle such claims? RAND researchers addressed these questions to help those in the automotive, technology, legal, and insurance industries prepare for the shifting roles and responsibilities that the era of AVs may bring. Using four scenarios (a ransomware attack, a hacked vehicle damaging government property, hacks on a connected roadway that cause damage, and theft of information through hacking of AVs), the authors explored the civil legal theories that may come into play when real-world damages result from AVs being hacked. They also examined how those theories may affect various parties, including car manufacturers, component makers, dealers, and both corporate and individual owners. Existing civil legal structures appear flexible enough to adapt to cases involving hacked AVs except in the case of large-scale cyberattacks, but it may be useful to clarify both liability and insurance coverages.

Automated vehicles --- Computer crimes --- Torts. --- Law and legislation.