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Solid state physics --- Chemical and physical crystallography --- General biophysics --- Biotechnology --- kristallografie --- biofysica --- spectroscopie --- biotechnologie --- fysica --- fysicochemie

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Single-molecule techniques eliminate ensemble averaging, thus revealing transient or rare species in heterogeneous systems [1-3]. These approaches have been employed to probe myriad biological phenomena, including protein and RNA folding [4-6], enzyme kinetics [7, 8], and even protein biosynthesis [1, 9, 10]. In particular, immobilization-based fluorescence te- niques such as total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy (TIRF-M) have recently allowed for the observation of multiple events on the millis- onds to seconds timescale [11-13]. Single-molecule fluorescence methods are challenged by the instability of single fluorophores. The organic fluorophores commonly employed in single-molecule studies of biological systems display fast photobleaching, intensity fluctuations on the millisecond timescale (blinking), or both. These phenomena limit observation time and complicate the interpretation of fl- rescence fluctuations [14, 15]. Molecular oxygen (O) modulates dye stability. Triplet O efficiently 2 2 quenches dye triplet states responsible for blinking. This results in the for- tion of singlet oxygen [16-18]. Singlet O reacts efficiently with organic dyes, 2 amino acids, and nucleobases [19, 20]. Oxidized dyes are no longer fluor- cent; oxidative damage impairs the folding and function of biomolecules. In the presence of saturating dissolved O , blinking of fluorescent dyes is sup- 2 pressed, but oxidative damage to dyes and biomolecules is rapid. Enzymatic O -scavenging systems are commonly employed to ameliorate dye instability. 2 Small molecules are often employed to suppress blinking at low O levels.

Solid state physics --- Chemical and physical crystallography --- Chemistry --- General biophysics --- Biotechnology --- Computer. Automation --- kristallografie --- biofysica --- chemie --- informatica --- spectroscopie --- biotechnologie --- fysica

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This ASI brought together a diverse group of experts who span virology, biology, biophysics, chemistry, physics and engineering.  Prominent lecturers representing world renowned scientists from nine (9) different countries, and students from around the world representing eighteen (18) countries, participated in the ASI organized by Professors Joseph Puglisi (Stanford University, USA) and Alexander Arseniev (Moscow, RU).   The central hypothesis underlying this ASI was that interdisciplinary research, merging principles of physics, chemistry and biology, can drive new discovery in detecting and fighting chemical and bioterrorism agents, lead to cleaner environments and improved energy sources, and help propel development in NATO partner countries.  At the end of the ASI students had an appreciation of how to apply each technique to their own particular research problem and to demonstrate that multifaceted approaches and new technologies are needed to solve the biological challenges of our time.  The course succeeded in training a new generation of biologists and chemists who will probe the molecular basis for life and disease.

Physics --- Solid state physics --- Chemical and physical crystallography --- Chemistry --- General biophysics --- Biotechnology --- Computer. Automation --- kristallografie --- vaste stof --- materie (fysica) --- biofysica --- chemie --- informatica --- biotechnologie --- fysica --- moleculaire biologie

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Biochemistry --- Chemistry, Physical and theoretical --- Biochimie --- Chimie physique et théorique --- Chemistry, Physical. --- Biochemistry. --- Physical Chemistry --- Chemistries, Physical --- Physical Chemistries --- Chemistry, Physical and theoretical. --- Chimie physique et théorique --- Chemistry, Physical --- Chemistry, Theoretical --- Physical chemistry --- Theoretical chemistry --- Chemistry --- Biological chemistry --- Chemical composition of organisms --- Organisms --- Physiological chemistry --- Biology --- Medical sciences --- Composition --- 544 --- Basic Sciences. Chemistry -- Physical Chemistry --- ALLW.

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Single-molecule techniques eliminate ensemble averaging, thus revealing transient or rare species in heterogeneous systems [1–3]. These approaches have been employed to probe myriad biological phenomena, including protein and RNA folding [4–6], enzyme kinetics [7, 8], and even protein biosynthesis [1, 9, 10]. In particular, immobilization-based fluorescence techniques such as total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy (TIRF-M) have recently allowed for the observation of multiple events on the milliseconds to seconds timescale [11–13]. Single-molecule fluorescence methods are challenged by the instability of single fluorophores. The organic fluorophores commonly employed in single-molecule studies of biological systems display fast photobleaching, intensity fluctuations on the millisecond timescale (blinking), or both. These phenomena limit observation time and complicate the interpretation of florescence fluctuations [14, 15]. Molecular oxygen (O) modulates dye stability. Triplet O efficiently 2 2 quenches dye triplet states responsible for blinking. This results in the formation of singlet oxygen [16–18]. Singlet O reacts efficiently with organic dyes, 2 amino acids, and nucleobases [19, 20]. Oxidized dyes are no longer fluorescent; oxidative damage impairs the folding and function of biomolecules. In the presence of saturating dissolved O , blinking of fluorescent dyes is sup- 2 pressed, but oxidative damage to dyes and biomolecules is rapid. Enzymatic O -scavenging systems are commonly employed to ameliorate dye instability. 2 Small molecules are often employed to suppress blinking at low O levels.

Biophysics -- Congresses. --- Bioterrorism -- Congresses. --- Biophysics --- Bioterrorism --- Bio-terrorism --- Biological terrorism --- Law and legislation --- Life sciences. --- Biotechnology. --- Chemistry, Physical and theoretical. --- Solid state physics. --- Biophysics. --- Biological physics. --- Spectroscopy. --- Microscopy. --- Life Sciences. --- Life Sciences, general. --- Biophysics and Biological Physics. --- Solid State Physics. --- Spectroscopy and Microscopy. --- Theoretical and Computational Chemistry. --- Terrorism --- Chemistry. --- Biological and Medical Physics, Biophysics. --- Physical sciences --- Biosciences --- Sciences, Life --- Science --- Chemical engineering --- Genetic engineering --- Physics --- Solids --- Biological physics --- Biology --- Medical sciences --- Chemistry, Theoretical --- Physical chemistry --- Theoretical chemistry --- Chemistry --- Analysis, Microscopic --- Light microscopy --- Micrographic analysis --- Microscope and microscopy --- Microscopic analysis --- Optical microscopy --- Optics --- Analysis, Spectrum --- Spectra --- Spectrochemical analysis --- Spectrochemistry --- Spectrometry --- Spectroscopy --- Chemistry, Analytic --- Interferometry --- Radiation --- Wave-motion, Theory of --- Absorption spectra --- Light --- Spectroscope --- Qualitative --- Analytical chemistry