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"Cyber war is on the rise. For many, cyber war refers to the extension of military strategy and conflict into electronic networks, or more simply, the use of the internet for various forms of covert, forceful attack. In The Real Cyber War: The Political Economy of Internet Freedom, Shawn M. Powers and Michael Jablonski argue that, beyond covert attacks, cyber war refers to the utilization of the electronic networks for geopolitical purposes, and the internet, and the rules that govern it, can shape political opinions, consumer habits, cultural mores and values. Powers and Jablonski outline the historical genesis of the internet freedom movement, tracing its origins to modern day. Moving beyond debates about the democratic value of new and emerging media technologies, they focus on political, economic, and geopolitical factors driving internet freedom policies, with particular focus on the U.S. policy and the State Department's emerging doctrine in support of a universal freedom to connect. Far from a principled defense of the freedom of expression, this analysis reveals how internet governance and infrastructure have emerged as critical sites for geopolitical contest between major international actors, the results of which will shape 21st century statecraft, diplomacy, and conflict"--

Polemology --- Computer architecture. Operating systems --- Mass communications --- Gouvernance de l'Internet --- International relations and internet --- Internationale betrekkingen en Internet --- Internet and international relations --- Internet beheer --- Internet en internationale betrekkingen --- Internet et relations internationales --- Internet governance --- Relations internationales et Internet --- Internet --- Internet and international relations. --- Internet governance. --- BUSINESS & ECONOMICS --- Social science --- Political science --- Political aspects. --- Government policy --- Industries --- Media & Communications Industries. --- Media Studies. --- Economic Conditions. --- Political sciencePolitical aspects. --- Business & economics --- Media & communications industries. --- Media studies. --- Economic conditions. --- Political aspects --- E-books --- Governance, Internet --- International relations and the Internet --- International relations --- Management --- United States --- POLITICAL SCIENCE / Economic Conditions. --- SOCIAL SCIENCE / Media Studies. --- BUSINESS & ECONOMICS / Industries / Media & Communications Industries.

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Despite a growing evidence base and global consensus on the importance of early childhood education, it remains under-resourced and comparatively neglected as a policy issue. This paper seeks to understand which factors facilitate or impede efforts to make early childhood education a political priority in low- and middle-income countries, applying a framework used primarily in global public health. It draws on a comparative analysis of four countries: Ethiopia, Liberia, Pakistan (Punjab Province), and Tanzania. Although each of these countries has undertaken recent, concrete efforts to scale early childhood education, the political economy conditions to support sustained commitment are only partially present. National policymakers have responded to global efforts to advance early childhood development, and ideas about the benefits of early childhood education have gained significant traction. With few exceptions, however, civil society mobilization around early childhood education is relatively weak, and focusing events and prominent champions for early childhood education are uncommon. Taken together, these factors are consistent with a strong rhetorical commitment to early learning but a lack of sustained follow-through and resource provision.

Early Childhood Development --- Early Childhood Education --- Early Learning --- Education --- Education Finance --- Education For All --- Political Economy --- Primary Education

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Approximately 75% of children aged 2 to 4 worldwide are regularly subjected to violent discipline across the globe. We study the impact of a virtually-delivered intervention on positive parenting practices in Jamaica. We find the intervention improves caregiver knowledge (0.52 SD) and attitudes around violence (0.2 SD) and leads to meaningful changes in caregiver disciplining behaviors, with a 0.12 SD reduction in violence against children. Treatment children also experience fewer emotional problems (0.17 SD). When we return nine months later, we also find reductions in caregiver depression (0.12 SD), anxiety (0.16 SD), and parental stress (0.16 SD) for treatment caregivers. The virtual delivery has important scalable policy implications which could help decrease violence against children across the globe.