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Middle East --- Civilization --- To 622 --- Ethnology --- Physical geography

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Seleucids --- Sassanids --- Séleucides --- Sassanides --- Iraq --- Iran --- Arabian Peninsula --- Irak --- Arabie (Péninsule) --- History --- Civilization --- Histoire --- Civilisation --- Séleucides --- Arabie (Péninsule) --- Civilization.

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The classic images of Iranian nomads in circulation today and in years past suggest that Western awareness of nomadism is a phenomenon of considerable antiquity. Though nomadism has certainly been a key feature of Iranian history, it has not been in the way most modern archaeologists have envisaged it. Nomadism in Iran recasts our understanding of this "timeless" tradition. Far from constituting a natural adaptation on the Iranian Plateau, nomadism is a comparatively late introduction, which can only be understood within the context of certain political circumstances. Since the early Holocene, most, if not all, agricultural communities in Iran had kept herds of sheep and goat, but the communities themselves were sedentary: only a few of their members were required to move with the herds seasonally. Though the arrival of Iranian speaking groups, attested in written sources beginning in the time of Herodutus, began to change the demography of the plateau, it wasn't until later in the eleventh century that an influx of Turkic speaking Oghuz nomadic groups-"true" nomads of the steppe-began the modification of the demography of the Iranian Plateau that accelerated with the Mongol conquest. The massive, unprecedented violence of this invasion effected the widespread distribution of largely Turkic-speaking nomadic groups across Iran. Thus, what has been interpreted in the past as an enduring pattern of nomadic land use is, by archaeological standards, very recent. Iran's demographic profile since the eleventh century AD, and more particularly in the nineteenth and twentieth century, has been used by some scholars as a proxy for ancient social organization. Nomadism in Iran argues that this modernist perspective distorts the historical reality of the land. Assembling a wealth of material in several languages and disciplines, Nomadism in Iran will be invaluable to archaeologists, anthropologists, and historians of the Middle East and Central Asia.

Nomads --- Human beings --- Social archaeology --- Nomades --- Homme --- Archéologie sociale --- History --- Migrations --- Histoire --- Iran --- Antiquities. --- Antiquités --- Antiquities --- History. --- Migrations. --- Archéologie sociale --- Antiquités --- Archéologie sociale. --- Antiquités. --- Nomads - Iran - History --- Human beings - Iran - Migrations --- Social archaeology - Iran --- Iran - Antiquities

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Iran's heritage is as varied as it is complex, and the archaeological, philological, and linguisitc scholarship of the region has not been the focus of a a synoptic study for many decades. Thus, The Oxford Handbook of Ancient Iran fills a longstanding gap in the literature of the ancient Near East, providing up-to-date, authoritative essays by leading specialists based both inside and outside of Iran on a wide range of topics extending from the earliest Paleolithic settlements in the Pleistocene era to the Islamic conquest in the 7th century AD. The volume is divided into sections covering prehstory, the Chalcolithic, the Bronze Age, the Iron Age, the Achaemenid period, the Seleucid and Arsacid periods, and the Sasanian period, concluding with the Arab conquest of Iran. In addition, more specialized chapters are included that treat numismatics (Elymaean, Arsacid, Persid and Sasanian), religion (the Avesta and Zoroastrianism), languages (proto-Elamite, Elamite, Akkadian, Old Persian, Greek, Aramaic, Parthian and Middle Persian), political ideology, calendrics, textiles, administrative seals and sealing, Sasanian silver and reliefs, and political relations with Rome and Byzantium. No other single volume covers as much of Iran's archaeology and history with the same degree of authority. This work will be of vast interest to a wide range of students and scholars, from archaeologists and art historians to philologists, Classicists, ancient historians, religious historians, and numismatists

Iran --- Civilization --- Civilisation --- 935 --- 935 Geschiedenis van het Tweestromenland en het Oude Midden-oosten --- Geschiedenis van het Tweestromenland en het Oude Midden-oosten --- 935 History of ancient Medo-Persia (Chadaea, Mesopotamia etc.). History of the Medes, Persians, Assyrians, Babylonians --- History of ancient Medo-Persia (Chadaea, Mesopotamia etc.). History of the Medes, Persians, Assyrians, Babylonians --- Iran - Civilization - To 640