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Year: 2003 Publisher: Washington, D.C. World Bank
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Year: 2004 Publisher: Washington, D.C. World Bank
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Year: 2005 Publisher: Washington, D.C. World Bank
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This paper studies nonmarket institutions that facilitate exports. In Malawi, as in many other developing countries, farmers face numerous constraints that disconnect them from export markets. The paper explores the role of a local institution, the burley tobacco clubs, in bridging smallholders to exports. Burley clubs potentially enable farmers to increase their tobacco farming productivity by providing services related to institutional access, collective action, economies of scale, and supporting network. Using matching methods and instrumental variable techniques, the authors find that tobacco club membership causes an increase of between 40-74 percent in output per acre and an increase of between 45-89 percent in tobacco sales per acre. Instead, neither the land share allocated to tobacco nor the unit value obtained by the producers is affected by club membership.
Adolescent Health --- Agricultural Industry --- Agriculture --- Alcohol and Substance Abuse --- Crops and Crop Management Systems --- Health, Nutrition and Population --- Industry --- Rural Development --- Tobacco --- Tobacco Control --- Tobacco farmers --- Tobacco farming --- Tobacco growers --- Tobacco prices --- Tobacco production --- Tobacco sales --- Tobacco sector --- Tobacco Use and Control --- Trade barriers
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"This paper explores an empirical methodology to assess the impacts of trade reforms on household behavior in developing countries. It focuses on consumption and income responses: when price reforms take place, households modify consumption and production decisions and local labor markets adjust. The paper proposes a joint estimator of demand and wage price elasticities from survey data. The method uses an empirical model of demand to extract price information from unit values, and uses this information to estimate the response of households to price reforms. By correcting unit values for quality effects and measurement error, the method overcomes the problem of the endogeneity of unit values. By endogeneizing household income, the model corrects potential biases in the estimation of own- and cross-price elasticities in consumption. The paper applies the method to an expenditure and income survey for rural Mexico. It shows that the corrections suggested in this paper are empirically important. In particular, it shows that allowing for consumption and income responses is a key element of an accurate empirical assessment of trade policy. "--World Bank web site.
Consumer behavior --- Households --- Mexico --- Commercial policy.
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Income distribution --- Poverty --- Argentina --- Developing countries --- Commercial policy.
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