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Art --- Applied arts. Arts and crafts --- Painting --- History --- textielkunst --- geschiedenis --- schilderkunst

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The fifty years or so preceding the watershed of 1848–49 witnessed the emergence of liberal nationalism in Hungary, along with a transmutation of conservatism which appeared then as a party and an ideological system in the political arena. The specific features of the conservatism, combining the protection of the status quo with some reform measures, its strategic vision, conceptual system, argumentation, assessment criteria and values require an in depth exploration and analysis. Different conservative groups were in the background or in opposition from 1848 to 1918, while in the period between the two World Wars, they constituted the overwhelming majority of ruling parties. During the one-party system, from 1949 to 1989, the liberals and conservatives—like all other political groups—were illegal, a status from which they could later emerge upon the change of the political system. The inheritance of the autocratic system frozen up and undigested by the one-party state was thawed after the peaceful regime change, the constitutional revolution and its discrete components began to be reactivated, including the enemy images of earlier discourses. "Liberal" and "conservative" had become state-party stigmas in line with fascist, reactionary, rightist, and bourgeois. In reaction to that, at first conservative then liberal, intellectual fashions and renascences unfolded in the 1980s. The attempts by liberal and conservative advocates to find predecessors did not favor an objective approach.The first step toward objectivity is establishing distance from the different kinds of enemy images and their political idioms. This is a pressing need because, although several pioneering works have appeared on different variants of the Hungarian liberalisms and conservatisms, there are no serious unbiased syntheses. This work is urgent because the political poles of the constitutional revolution and the ensuing period have up till now been described in terms of different conspiracy theories.

Minorities --- Social classes --- Political culture --- Nationalism --- Liberalism --- Conservatism --- Conservativism --- Neo-conservatism --- New Right --- Right (Political science) --- Political science --- Sociology --- Ethnic minorities --- Foreign population --- Minority groups --- Persons --- Assimilation (Sociology) --- Discrimination --- Ethnic relations --- Majorities --- Plebiscite --- Race relations --- Segregation --- Class distinction --- Classes, Social --- Rank --- Caste --- Estates (Social orders) --- Social status --- Class consciousness --- Classism --- Social stratification --- Culture --- Consciousness, National --- Identity, National --- National consciousness --- National identity --- International relations --- Patriotism --- Autonomy and independence movements --- Internationalism --- Political messianism --- Liberal egalitarianism --- Liberty --- Social sciences --- History --- Hungary --- Macaristan --- Vengerskai︠a︡ Narodnai︠a︡ Respublika --- Magyar Népköztársaság --- Ungern --- Magyar Tanácsköztársaság --- Hungarian Republic --- Magyar Köztársaság (Republic) --- Oungaria --- Unkari --- Ungarn --- Hongrie --- Ungaria --- Ungheria --- Hungría --- Magyarország (Republic) --- Maďarsko --- Węgry --- Vengrii︠a︡ --- Hongarije --- VNR --- V.N.R. --- Hungaryah --- Hungari --- Hŏnggari --- Ungarii︠a︡ --- Republic of Hungary --- Hongaria --- Hongarye --- Republiek van Hongarye --- Macarıstan Respublikası --- Венгрыя --- Venhryi︠a︡ --- Mađarska --- Republika Mađarska --- Унгария --- Унгарската република --- Ungarskata republika --- Hongria --- República d'Hongria --- Republikang Unggaro --- Unggriya --- Mad̕arská republika --- Republica Ungrese --- Hwngari --- Gweriniaeth Hwngari --- Republik Ungarn --- Ungari --- Ungari Vabariik --- Ουγγαρία --- Δημοκρατία της Ουγγαρίας --- Dēmokratia tēs Oungarias --- República de Hungría --- Hungario --- Hungarujo --- Hungara Respubliko --- Hungaria --- Hungariar Errepublika --- Hungariako Errepublika --- Tjóðveldið Ungarn --- République de Hongrie --- Ungáir --- Poblacht na hUngáire --- Ungaar --- Pobblaght ny h-Ungaar --- 헝가리 --- Hunakalia --- Republik Hongaria --- Ungverjaland --- Lýðveldið Ungverjaland --- הונגריה --- אונגארן --- Мажарстан --- Mazharstan --- Мажарстан Республикасы --- Mazharstan Respublikasy --- Венгрия --- Венгрия Республикасы --- Vengrii︠a︡ Respublikasy --- Jamhuri ya Hungaria --- Madjaristan --- Repúvlika de Madjaristan --- רפובליקא דא מאגיאדיסטאן --- מאגיאדיסטאן --- Маджар --- Madzhar --- Маджар Республика --- Madzhar Respublika --- Respublica Hungarica --- Ungārija --- Ungārijas Republika --- Vengrija --- Vengrijos respublika --- Ungaïa --- Ungri --- Унгарија --- Република Унгарија --- Republika Ungarija --- Ungerija --- Hanekeria --- Унгар --- Ungar --- Tlācatlahtohcāyōtl Hungria --- Hongaarse Republiek --- ハンガリー --- Hangarī --- Hungrii --- Republikken Ungarn --- Ongria --- Republica d'Ongria --- Vengriya --- Vengriya Respublikasi --- Republika Węgierska --- República da Hungria --- Republica Ungară --- Republica Ungaria --- Венгерская Республика --- Vengerskai︠a︡ Respublika --- Lepulika o Hungary --- Republika e Hungarisë --- Unghirìa --- Madžarska --- Republika Madžarska --- Madźary --- Мађарска --- Република Мађарска --- Unkarin tasavalta --- Republiken Ungern --- Unggarya --- Republika ng Unggarya --- Majarstan Jȯmḣu̇rii︠a︡te --- Majoriston --- Macaristan Cumhuriyeti --- Угорщина --- Uhorshchyna --- Мадярщина --- Madi︠a︡rshchyna --- Угорська Республіка --- Uhorsʹka Respublika --- Oгорська Республіка --- Ohorsʹka Respublika --- Ongiri --- Oonguri --- Republik bu Oonguri --- Honharije --- Vengrėjė --- Vengrėjės Respoblėka --- 匈牙利 --- Xiongyali --- 匈牙利共和國 --- Xiongyali gong he guo --- Xiongyali Gongheguo --- Austro-Hungarian Monarchy --- Social conditions --- Politics and government --- Magyar Republic --- Ongaria --- Conservatism, Hungary, Ideology, Political parties, Political philosophy, Political studies. --- BNUU --- БНУУ --- Bu̇gd Naĭramdakh Ungar Uls

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Kalmyk language --- Kalmyks --- Folk literature, Kalmyk --- Folk songs, Kalmyk --- Folklore --- Social life and customs --- Bálint, Gábor, --- Kalmyk language - Texts --- Kalmyks - Folklore --- Kalmyks - Social life and customs --- Bálint, Gábor, - szentkatolnai, - 1844-1913 --- Magyar tudományos akadémia. könyvtár --- Kalmouks --- Chansons kalmoukes --- Devinettes et énigmes kalmoukes --- Kalmouk (langue) --- Poésie kalmouke --- Contes kalmouks --- Manuscrits. m. nyelvtud. 4/109 --- Moeurs et coutumes --- 20e siècle --- Traductions anglaises --- Lectures et morceaux choisis