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Reading Bohr: Physics and Philosophy offers a new perspective on Niels Bohr's interpretation of quantum mechanics as complementarity, and on the relationships between physics and philosophy in Bohr's work, which has had momentous significance for our understanding of quantum theory and of the nature of knowledge in general. Philosophically, the book reassesses Bohr's place in the Western philosophical tradition, from Kant and Hegel on. Physically, it reconsiders the main issues at stake in the Bohr-Einstein confrontation and in the ongoing debates concerning quantum physics. It also devotes greater attention than in most commentaries on Bohr to the key developments and transformations of his thinking concerning complementarity. Most significant among them were those that occurred, first, under the impact of Bohr's exchanges with Einstein and, second, under the impact of developments in quantum theory itself, both quantum mechanics and quantum field theory. The importance of quantum field theory for Bohr's thinking has not been adequately addressed in the literature on Bohr, to the considerable detriment to our understanding of the history of quantum physics. Filling this lacuna is one of the main contributions of the book, which also enables us to show why quantum field theory compels us to move beyond Bohr without, however, simply leaving him behind. Audience: While the book will be of particular interest to physicists, philosophers and historians of science, it is also aimed at a broader audience, especially graduate and undergraduate students, whom this book will help to develop a greater appreciation of Bohr, physics, and philosophy.

Philosophy and science. --- Physics --- Quantum theory. --- Philosophy. --- Bohr, Niels, --- Science and philosophy --- Science --- Quantum dynamics --- Quantum mechanics --- Quantum physics --- Mechanics --- Thermodynamics --- Boer, Niersi, --- Boerh, Niersi, --- Bohr, N. --- Bohr, Niels Henrik David, --- Bor, Nil's, --- Quantum Physics. --- History and Philosophical Foundations of Physics. --- Philosophy of Science. --- Normal science --- Philosophy of science --- Quantum physics. --- Physics. --- Natural philosophy --- Philosophy, Natural --- Physical sciences --- Dynamics

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Quantum mechanics, discovered by Werner Heisenberg and Erwin Schrödinger in 1925-1926, is famous for its radical implications for our conception of physics and for our view of human knowledge in general. While these implications have been seen as scientifically productive and intellectually liberating to some, Niels Bohr and Heisenberg, among them, they have been troublesome to many others, including Schrödinger and, most famously, Albert Einstein. The situation led to the intense debate that started in the wake of its discovery and has continued into our own time, with no end appearing to be in sight. Epistemology and Probability aims to contribute to our understanding of quantum mechanics and of the reasons for its extraordinary impact by reconsidering, under the rubric of "nonclassical epistemology," the nature of epistemology and probability, and their relationships in quantum theory. The book brings together the thought of the three figures most responsible for the rise of quantum mechanics—Heisenberg and Schrödinger, on the physical side, and Bohr, on the philosophical side—in order to develop a deeper sense of the physical, mathematical, and philosophical workings of quantum-theoretical thinking. Reciprocally, giving a special emphasis on probability and specifically to the Bayesian concept of probability allows the book to gain new insights into the thought of these figures. The book reconsiders, from this perspective, the Bohr-Einstein debate on the epistemology of quantum physics and, in particular, offers a new treatment of the famous experiment of Einstein, Podolsky, and Rosen (EPR), and of the Bohr-Einstein exchange concerning the subject. It also addresses the relevant aspects of quantum information theory and considers the implications of its epistemological argument for higher-level quantum theories, such as quantum field theory and string and brane theories. One of the main contributions of the book is its analysis of the role of mathematics in quantum theory and in the thinking of Bohr, Heisenberg, and Schrödinger, in particular an examination of the new (vis-à-vis classical physics and relativity) type of the relationships between mathematics and physics introduced by Heisenberg in the course of his discovery of quantum mechanics. Although Epistemology and Probability is aimed at physicists, philosophers and historians of science, and graduate and advanced undergraduate students in these fields, it is also written with a broader audience in mind and is accessible to readers unfamiliar with the higher-level mathematics used in quantum theory.

Schro ̈dinger equation. --- Schro ̈dinger, Erwin,. --- Quantum theory --- Physics --- Knowledge, Theory of --- Complementarity (Physics) --- Wave-particle duality --- Causality (Physics) --- Heisenberg uncertainty principle --- Schrèodinger equation --- Physical Sciences & Mathematics --- Atomic Physics --- History --- Mathematics --- Philosophy --- Knowledge, Theory of. --- Wave-particle duality. --- Heisenberg uncertainty principle. --- Schrd̲inger equation. --- History. --- Mathematics. --- Philosophy. --- Bohr, Niels, --- Schrödinger, Erwin, --- Heisenberg, Werner, --- Indeterminancy principle --- Uncertainty principle --- Causality --- Dualism, Wave-particle --- Duality principle (Physics) --- Wave-corpuscle duality --- Epistemology --- Theory of knowledge --- Geĭzenberg, V. --- Heisenberg, W. --- Heisenberg, Werner --- Schredinger, Ervin, --- Schrödinger, E. --- Boer, Niersi, --- Boerh, Niersi, --- Bohr, N. --- Bohr, Niels Henrik David, --- Bor, Nil's, --- Physics. --- Epistemology. --- Philosophy and science. --- Probabilities. --- Quantum physics. --- Elementary particles (Physics). --- Quantum field theory. --- Elementary Particles, Quantum Field Theory. --- Probability Theory and Stochastic Processes. --- Quantum Physics. --- Philosophy of Science. --- Nuclear physics --- Electromagnetic waves --- Matter --- Radiation --- Wave mechanics --- Psychology --- Constitution --- Schroedinger, Erwin, --- Schrdinger equation. --- Schrodinger, Erwin,

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Critical theory. --- Postmodernism. --- Aesthetics. --- Beautiful, The --- Beauty --- Esthetics --- Taste (Aesthetics) --- Philosophy --- Art --- Criticism --- Literature --- Proportion --- Symmetry --- Post-modernism --- Postmodernism (Philosophy) --- Arts, Modern --- Avant-garde (Aesthetics) --- Modernism (Art) --- Philosophy, Modern --- Post-postmodernism --- Critical social theory --- Critical theory (Philosophy) --- Critical theory (Sociology) --- Negative philosophy --- Criticism (Philosophy) --- Rationalism --- Sociology --- Frankfurt school of sociology --- Socialism --- Psychology --- Bataille, Georges, --- Derrida, Jacques. --- Nietzsche, Friedrich Wilhelm, --- Nietzsche, Friedrich --- Nietzsche, Friederich --- Derrida, Jacques --- Derrida, J. --- Derida, Žak --- Derrida, Jackes --- Derrida, Zhak --- Deridah, Z'aḳ --- Deridā, Jāka --- Dirīdā, Jāk --- Деррида, Жак --- דרידה, ז'אק --- Bataille, Georges --- Angélique, Pierre --- Auch, --- Lord Auch --- Bataiyu, Joruju --- Bataiyu, G. --- בטאיי, ז׳ורז׳, --- Radio broadcasting Aesthetics --- Aesthetics

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This book is a philosophical study of mathematics, pursued by considering and relating two aspects of mathematical thinking and practice, especially in modern mathematics, which, having emerged around 1800, consolidated around 1900 and extends to our own time, while also tracing both aspects to earlier periods, beginning with the ancient Greek mathematics. The first aspect is conceptual, which characterizes mathematics as the invention of and working with concepts, rather than only by its logical nature. The second, Pythagorean, aspect is grounded, first, in the interplay of geometry and algebra in modern mathematics, and secondly, in the epistemologically most radical form of modern mathematics, designated in this study as radical Pythagorean mathematics. This form of mathematics is defined by the role of that which beyond the limits of thought in mathematical thinking, or in ancient Greek terms, used in the book’s title, an alogon in the logos of mathematics. The outcome of this investigation is a new philosophical and historical understanding of the nature of modern mathematics and mathematics in general. The book is addressed to mathematicians, mathematical physicists, and philosophers and historians of mathematics, and graduate students in these fields.

Mathematics—Philosophy. --- Philosophy of Mathematics. --- Filosofia de la matemàtica --- Mathematics --- Philosophy.

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Theory of knowledge --- Philosophy of science --- History of physics --- Quantum mechanics. Quantumfield theory --- quantumfysica --- geschiedenis --- epistomologie --- fysica