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This paper reviews several aspects of Poland’s environmental policies. Its main finding is that substantial progress has been made in dealing with the environmentally unfriendly legacy from the past. Poland has successfully combined emission permits based on environmental quality standards, emission fees and fines, public environmental subsidy schemes and widely publicised lists of the worst polluters. Other important factors of success were long-term time consistency, gradual tightening of enforcement and limited administrative discretion. Poland is now embarking on a fundamental revision of its instrument mix in order to respond to new environmental challenges typical of market economies, and to comply with the European Union environmental Directives. In this context, the challenge is to formulate a medium-term strategy that is both environmentally effective and market friendly. Pending legislative amendments, however, may not always live up to this challenge. New instruments ...

Economics --- Poland

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Aims to support policy makers in their efforts to address plastic pollution. By examining the economic and financial implications of plastic management, the report provides key recommendations on how to create a comprehensive approach to addressing plastic pollution and to help policy makers make informed decisions for plastic pollution management. The report brings together new evidence from three analytical undertakings: -- Tackling Plastic Pollution: Toward Experience-Based Policy Guidance (a review of existing literature and a summary of findings from the ex post analysis of the effectiveness of plastics policies in 10 countries and states and an evidence-based policy guidance aimed at policy makers and stakeholders involved in design, implementation, and evaluation of policies to manage plastic pollution) -- The Plastic Substitution Tradeoff Estimator (an innovative model that estimates the external costs of 10 plastic products and their alternatives along their entire life cycle, developed and piloted in five countries. The Estimator can be applied in any country to identify what substitution materials, or what combination of them, would perform best in a given scenario and to examine tradeoffs between plastics and alternatives to help establish targets for reduction and substitution) -- The Plastic Policy Simulator (PPS) (a country-level, data-driven model for policy analysis to better describe the impacts of different policy instruments and policy packages on individual economic agents and on the plastic value chain at large. The PPS has been developed as a universal model and piloted in Indonesia. Its objective is to support policy makers and others in government, industry, and civil society in search of policy solutions to stem the flow of plastics by bringing an evidence-based approach to policy).

Plastics --- Plastic scrap. --- Environmental aspects.

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Fossil fuel importers can apply various climate and trade taxes to encourage fossil fuel-dependent countries to cooperate on climate mitigation, and fossil fuel-dependent countries can respond with alternative diversification and cooperation strategies. This paper runs macroeconomic model simulations of alternative strategies that the global community and fossil fuel-dependent countries can pursue to encourage and enable their participation in a global low-carbon transition. The following are the findings from the simulations. (i) Fuel importers' unilateral carbon taxes capture fossil fuel-dependent countries' resource rents and accelerate their emission-intensive diversification. (ii) Border taxes on the carbon content of imports from fossil fuel-dependent countries do not induce comprehensive cooperation, but broader trade sanctions do. (iii) Cooperative wellhead carbon taxes can achieve cooperation without trade wars. (iv) Lower-income fossil fuel-dependent countries with large untapped reserves need additional incentives and enablers to cooperate and diversify into low-carbon assets. (v) Incentives to cooperate are misaligned between different fossil fuel-dependent countries and between owners of different fuels. (vi) The strategies that maximize consumption and growth in fossil fuel-dependent countries reduce the value of assets in extractive and heavy industries. (vii) Asset diversification is a robust, long-term strategy but faces the tragedy of the horizon.

Carbon Policy --- Carbon Policy and Trading --- Carbon Tax --- Climate Change and Environment --- Climate Change Mitigation and Green House Gases --- Climate Clubs --- Climate Cooperation --- Decarbonization --- Diversification --- Energy --- Energy and Environment --- Environment --- Environmental Economics and Policies --- Fossil Fuel-Dependent Country --- Low Carbon Development --- Low Carbon Transition --- Oil and Gas

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In response to the request from the Ministry of Environment and in close collaboration of the Ministry of Economy and Finance, the World Bank Group, with support from the Partnership for Market Readiness (PMR) and the NDC Support Facility, provided technical support to Morocco aimed at exploring the opportunities offered by environmental fiscal reform (EFR), such as that incorporating carbon pricing, to strengthen green growth. As part of this support, the WBG has assessed carbon pricing options that could be appropriate for Morocco and simulated their selected economic impacts with macroeconomic model in collaboration with the Research and Forecast Department of the Ministry of Economy and Finance (MoEF) of Morocco. This report outlines the key considerations for policy-makers in Morocco and presents a preliminary finding from modelling conducted by the MoEF in collaboration with the WBG, as well as identifies the needs for the secondary analysis. As part of its national development strategy, Morocco is implementing and planning further reforms of its fiscal systems, energy sector, industrial structure, as well as an ambitious climate change action as per the objectives of the Nationally Determined Contribution. This note explores whether and how these reforms might be supported by aligning fiscal incentives with sectoral policy objectives to accelerate the rate of future growth while reducing its carbon emission intensity. Environmental fiscal reforms (EFRs) are a collection of changes to tax, expenditure, and other policies which collectively seek to raise national development and welfare. This report explores potential options for implementing an environmental fiscal reform (EFR) as part of Morocco's broader economic strategy and tests the impacts of these options with the Morocco's CGE model. It is structured as follows. The second section discusses Morocco's national development challenges and the strategic policy goals, where EFR can play a role. The third section provides an overview of options for EFR in Morocco, as identified by the World Bank Group team and national experts, including (i) modifications of fuel tax structure (TICs) to better reflect social costs of fuel use, (ii) butane subsidy reform, or (iii) more direct environmental pricing through taxes or emissions trading. The fourth section introduces the CGE model for Morocco, used by the DEPF, and simulates impacts of several potential EFR design options identified in the previous section. It also discusses the limitations of the existing CGE model to reflect the impacts of the EFR, and in this context analyzes the results of scenario analysis conducted with the CGE model. The fifth and final section concludes.

Air Pollution --- Air Quality and Clean Air --- Brown Issues and Health --- Energy --- Energy and Environment --- Energy Policies and Economics --- Energy Policy --- Environment --- Fiscal Policy --- Macroeconomics and Economic Growth --- Pollution Management and Control --- Public Sector Development --- Taxation and Subsidies