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The electricity systems of many countries are currently undergoing a process of transformation. Market liberalization has induced major mergers and acquisitions in the electricity sector, but has also forced companies to seek out new business areas. Environmental regulations, like the Kyoto process and the European Emissions Trading Scheme, are exposing the sector to external pressure. New technologies – such as renewable energy, combined heat and power (CHP), or “clean coal” technologies – are emerging. Recent worldwide experiences with blackouts have once more put security of supply on the agenda. In Germany, the nuclear phase-out and decommissioning of outdated coal plants will lead to a need for replacement of more than one third of the current generation capacity by 2020. The need for replacement is an extremely important driving force for the current transformation, forcing conventional and new technologies to compete for a role in the future energy supply. The overall transformation of electricity systems is neither driven nor shaped by technical or societal modifications alone, but rather by a rich diversity of processes in the realms of technology, politics, society and economy.

Total energy systems (On-site electric power production) --- Cogeneration of electric power and heat. --- Distributed generation of electric power. --- Decentralized generation of electric power --- Generation of electric power, Distributed --- Distributed resources (Electric utilities) --- Electric power production --- Combined electric power and heat production --- Electric power and heat cogeneration --- Heat and electric power cogeneration --- Heat --- Energy systems, Total (On-site electric power production) --- On-site electric power production (Total energy systems) --- Cogeneration of electric power and heat --- Distributed generation of electric power --- Energy conservation --- Heat recovery --- Production of electric energy or. --- Physical geography. --- Environmental toxicology. --- Environmental sciences. --- Power Electronics, Electrical Machines and Networks. --- Energy Policy, Economics and Management. --- Environmental Physics. --- Ecotoxicology. --- Environment, general. --- Energy Systems. --- Environmental science --- Science --- Ecotoxicology --- Pollutants --- Pollution --- Environmental health --- Toxicology --- Geography --- Power electronics. --- Energy policy. --- Energy and state. --- Environment. --- Energy systems. --- Energy and state --- Power resources --- State and energy --- Industrial policy --- Electronics, Power --- Electric power --- Electronics --- Government policy --- Balance of nature --- Biology --- Bionomics --- Ecological processes --- Ecological science --- Ecological sciences --- Environment --- Environmental biology --- Oecology --- Environmental sciences --- Population biology --- Ecology

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• Reference Manager
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The electricity systems of many countries are currently undergoing a process of transformation. Market liberalization has induced major mergers and acquisitions in the electricity sector, but has also forced companies to seek out new business areas. Environmental regulations, like the Kyoto process and the European Emissions Trading Scheme, are exposing the sector to external pressure. New technologies - such as renewable energy, combined heat and power (CHP), or clean coal  technologies - are emerging. Recent worldwide experiences with blackouts have once more put security of supply on the agenda. In Germany, the nuclear phase-out and decommissioning of outdated coal plants will lead to a need for replacement of more than one third of the current generation capacity by 2020. The need for replacement is an extremely important driving force for the current transformation, forcing conventional and new technologies to compete for a role in the future energy supply. The overall transformation of electricity systems is neither driven nor shaped by technical or societal modifications alone, but rather by a rich diversity of processes in the realms of technology, politics, society and economy.

Electricity --- Relation between energy and economics --- Environmental protection. Environmental technology --- stroomverdeling --- energie-economie --- milieuzorg --- milieutechnologie --- milieubeheer --- milieuanalyse --- stroomvoorziening

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Economic policy and planning (general) --- Economics --- Relation between energy and economics --- Electrical engineering --- Environmental protection. Environmental technology --- technologiebeleid --- energie-economie --- economie --- elektriciteit --- milieuzorg --- duurzame ontwikkeling