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Private finance --- Zonder onderwerpscode --- Norway --- Sweden --- Finland --- Banks and banking --- Deregulation --- -Banks and banking --- -336.71 <481> --- 336.71 <485> --- 336.71 <480> --- 336.71 <4-17> --- banken --- economische situatie --- monetair beleid --- Noord-Europa --- FI / Finland - Finlande --- NO / Norway - Noorwegen - Norvège --- SE / Sweden - Zweden - Suede --- 333.139.2 --- 333.101 --- 333.17 --- 333.106 --- 330.05 --- 332.10948 --- Agricultural banks --- Banking --- Banking industry --- Commercial banks --- Depository institutions --- Finance --- Financial institutions --- Money --- -Deregulation --- -Bankwezen--Noorwegen --- Bankwezen--Zweden --- Bankwezen--Finland --- Bankwezen--Noord-Europa --- Bankcontrole en -reglementering. Reglementering van het bankberoep. --- Banksysteem en bankstelsel. --- Crises, saneringen en hervormingen van het bankwezen. --- Kost, rendabiliteit en concurrentie in de banken. --- Working papers --- 336.71 <4-17> Bankwezen--Noord-Europa --- 336.71 <480> Bankwezen--Finland --- 336.71 <485> Bankwezen--Zweden --- 336.71 <481> Bankwezen--Noorwegen --- Bankwezen--Noorwegen --- 336.71 <481> --- Banksysteem en bankstelsel --- Kost, rendabiliteit en concurrentie in de banken --- Bankcontrole en -reglementering. Reglementering van het bankberoep --- Crises, saneringen en hervormingen van het bankwezen --- Banks and banking - Deregulation - Norway --- Banks and banking - Deregulation - Sweden --- Banks and banking - Deregulation - Finland

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In recent decades, a wide range of countries have experienced banking problems. Their approaches to systemic bank restructuring have varied substantially. This paper analyzes a representative sample of 24 countries and provides a summary of policies judged to be successful. The sample countries were ranked by relative progress in resolving banking sector problems. Based on this ranking, the paper examines the effectiveness of institutional and regulatory measures, assesses the impact of accompanying macroeconomic policies, and examines the extent to which particular restructuring instruments contributed to success. Special emphasis is given to the role of the central bank.

Banks and Banking --- Money and Monetary Policy --- Taxation --- Industries: Financial Services --- Financial Markets and the Macroeconomy --- Central Banks and Their Policies --- Financial Institutions and Services: Government Policy and Regulation --- Banks --- Depository Institutions --- Micro Finance Institutions --- Mortgages --- Monetary Policy, Central Banking, and the Supply of Money and Credit: General --- Taxation, Subsidies, and Revenue: General --- Economic & financial crises & disasters --- Banking --- Monetary economics --- Public finance & taxation --- Finance --- Bank resolution --- Commercial banks --- Bank credit --- Tax incentives --- Financial crises --- Financial institutions --- Money --- Loans --- Nonperforming loans --- Crisis management --- Banks and banking --- Credit --- Chile

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This paper analyzes the different channels through which financial variables and financial sector reform can affect economic growth and efficiency, using panel data for 40 countries which reformed their financial systems. Financial sector reform is hypothesized to affect economic growth and efficiency through three main channels: the real interest rate representing the interest cost of capital, the volume of intermediation, and financial sector efficiency. The results indicate that financial reforms have structural effects; that financial variables and reforms are important determinants of economic performance; that the impact depends on whether countries did or did not face a financial crisis; and that the “quality” of financial sector reform matters.

Banking --- Banks and Banking --- Banks and banking --- Banks --- Commercial banks --- Depository Institutions --- Economic & financial crises & disasters --- Finance --- Finance: General --- Financial Crises --- Financial crises --- Financial Institutions and Services: Government Policy and Regulation --- Financial Markets and the Macroeconomy --- Financial Risk Management --- Financial sector development --- Financial sector reform --- Financial services industry --- Financial services law & regulation --- General Aggregative Models: General --- General Financial Markets: Government Policy and Regulation --- Interest rates --- Interest Rates: Determination, Term Structure, and Effects --- Macroeconomic Policy, Macroeconomic Aspects of Public Finance, and General Outlook: General --- Micro Finance Institutions --- Money and Interest Rates: General --- Mortgages --- Real interest rates

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Financial sector reforms are being considered to address the risks posed by large and complex financial institutions (LCFIs). The vast majority of global finance is intermediated by a handful of these institutions with growing interconnections within and across borders. Common trends that contributed to the recent global crisis included sharp increases in leverage, significant reliance on short-term wholesale funding, growth of off-balance-sheet activities, maturity mismatches, and increased share of revenues from complex products and trading activities. The key objective of the financial sector reforms is to promote a less leveraged, less risky (or better cushioned), and thus a more resilient financial system that supports strong and sustainable economic growth. The recent proposals of the Basel Committee on Banking Supervision (BCBS) on capital standards represent a substantial improvement in the quantity and quality of capital in comparison with the pre-crisis situation. The analysis of this paper suggests that, subject to usual caveats associated with limited data disclosures and availability, phase-in arrangements will allow most banks to move to these higher standards through earnings retention, assuming a modest economic and earnings outlook. It also suggests that should banks generate strong earnings in the coming years, and distribute lower dividends, they could rebuild common equity capital ratios faster than required under the current phase-in periods. The analysis of the paper also suggests that the new capital standards will have a significant impact on investment-banking-type activities, including through tighter requirements for trading book exposures. Investment banking activities will also be affected by a host of other regulatory initiatives, including the new accounting rules and higher standards for securitization, derivatives, and trading businesses, as well as measures to restrain certain activities. Yet, LCFIs with an investment banking focus have flexible business models and can adjust their strategies easily to mitigate the effects of the regulatory reforms, notwithstanding a multitude of regulations affecting their activities. The ultimate effect of the reforms on business models remains to be seen until the regulations take their final shape.

Financial institutions --- Banks and banking --- Bank capital --- Bank liquidity --- Liquidity (Economics) --- Capital --- State supervision --- E-books --- Banks and Banking --- Financial Crises --- Financial Institutions and Services: Government Policy and Regulation --- Banks --- Depository Institutions --- Micro Finance Institutions --- Mortgages --- Investment Banking --- Venture Capital --- Brokerage --- Ratings and Ratings Agencies --- Banking --- Financial services law & regulation --- Liquidity requirements --- Investment banking --- Commercial banks --- Capital adequacy requirements --- Financial regulation and supervision --- Financial services --- Countercyclical capital buffers --- Asset requirements --- United States

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Credibility is the bedrock of any crisis stress test. The use of stress tests to manage systemic risk was introduced by the U.S. authorities in 2009 in the form of the Supervisory Capital Assessment Program. Since then, supervisory authorities in other jurisdictions have also conducted similar exercises. In some of those cases, the design and implementation of certainelements of the framework have been criticized for their lack of credibility. This paper proposes a set of guidelines for constructing an effective crisis stress test. It combines financial markets impact studies of previous exercises with relevant case study information gleaned from those experiences to identify the key elements and to formulate their appropriate design. Pertinent concepts, issues and nuances particular to crisis stress testing are also discussed. The findings may be useful for country authorities seeking to include stress tests in their crisis management arsenal, as well as for the design of crisis programs.

Credibility theory (Insurance) --- Monetary policy --- Insurance --- Mathematical models. --- Statistical methods --- Banks and Banking --- Exports and Imports --- Finance: General --- Financial Econometrics --- Field Experiments --- Banks --- Depository Institutions --- Micro Finance Institutions --- Mortgages --- Financing Policy --- Financial Risk and Risk Management --- Capital and Ownership Structure --- Value of Firms --- Goodwill --- Financial Institutions and Services: Government Policy and Regulation --- International Investment --- Long-term Capital Movements --- Finance --- Banking --- International economics --- Stress testing --- Commercial banks --- External balance assessment (EBA) --- Solvency stress testing --- Financial sector policy and analysis --- Financial institutions --- External position --- Liquidity stress testing --- Financial risk management --- Banks and banking --- International finance --- United States