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This paper summarizes the socioeconomic conditions of children around the world. It explores solutions to the main problems, along with a summary of the costs and benefits of some of the solutions. Emphasis is on the results from rigorous studies, impact evaluations, and randomized experiments. Although the cost-evidence literature is scarce, a good case for early interventions and key quality-enhancing education interventions exists.

Access to primary education --- Children start primary school --- Early childhood interventions --- Early interventions --- Education --- Education for All --- Effective Schools and Teachers --- Gender gap --- Gender parity --- Girls --- Health Monitoring and Evaluation --- Health, Nutrition and Population --- Primary Education --- Primary school-aged children --- Street Children --- Urban Development --- Young people --- Youth

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This paper exploits unique information on cognitive ability to examine the importance of schooling and non-schooling cognitive skills for heterogeneous individuals using instrumental variables estimation. Using a binary instrument based on the 1981 reform in Chile, the authors find that the main beneficiaries of the reform were those who at the time were pupils in basic schooling (ages 6-13). For this treated group of pupils, only a negligible part of the estimated return to schooling is due to classical ability bias. The labor market reward to an additional year of schooling is a measure of the "true" non-cognitive return to schooling. However, once the treated group is expanded to include secondary school students, the pure return to schooling decreases dramatically, while the return to schooling cognitive and non-schooling cognitive skills increases accordingly, suggesting that a large part of the estimated return in an earnings function is due to classical ability bias. For this treated group (mixture of basic school and secondary school age students), the labor market rewarded cognitive skills (especially those acquired through schooling) significantly.

Basic schooling --- Cognitive skills --- Compulsory schooling --- Education --- Education for All --- Education investments --- Educational attainment --- Educational levels --- Effective Schools and Teachers --- Primary Education --- School age --- School students --- Schooling --- Secondary Education --- Secondary school

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The pattern of economic rates of return to investments in education can help us to understand the benefits of schooling. It was common knowledge that the returns to education were highest for the primary level of education and lower for subsequent levels. Recent evidence suggests that the pattern has changed. Since the 1980s, the returns to schooling overall have increased. The returns to higher education have increased the most. The fact that the more educated have improved their position, despite an increase in their numbers, must mean that the demand for more educated workers has increased more than supply over time, causing an increase in the overall returns to schooling. Possible reasons include technological change favoring higher-order skills, increased coverage at lower levels of schooling, and the quality of schooling.

Education --- Education Quality --- Inequality --- Labor Markets --- Poverty Alleviation --- Poverty Reduction --- Returns to Education --- Skilled Labor

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This paper summarizes the socioeconomic conditions of children around the world. It explores solutions to the main problems, along with a summary of the costs and benefits of some of the solutions. Emphasis is on the results from rigorous studies, impact evaluations, and randomized experiments. Although the cost-evidence literature is scarce, a good case for early interventions and key quality-enhancing education interventions exists.

Access to primary education --- Children start primary school --- Early childhood interventions --- Early interventions --- Education --- Education for All --- Effective Schools and Teachers --- Gender gap --- Gender parity --- Girls --- Health Monitoring and Evaluation --- Health, Nutrition and Population --- Primary Education --- Primary school-aged children --- Street Children --- Urban Development --- Young people --- Youth

Choose an application

• Reference Manager
• EndNote
• RefWorks (Direct export to RefWorks)

This paper exploits unique information on cognitive ability to examine the importance of schooling and non-schooling cognitive skills for heterogeneous individuals using instrumental variables estimation. Using a binary instrument based on the 1981 reform in Chile, the authors find that the main beneficiaries of the reform were those who at the time were pupils in basic schooling (ages 6-13). For this treated group of pupils, only a negligible part of the estimated return to schooling is due to classical ability bias. The labor market reward to an additional year of schooling is a measure of the "true" non-cognitive return to schooling. However, once the treated group is expanded to include secondary school students, the pure return to schooling decreases dramatically, while the return to schooling cognitive and non-schooling cognitive skills increases accordingly, suggesting that a large part of the estimated return in an earnings function is due to classical ability bias. For this treated group (mixture of basic school and secondary school age students), the labor market rewarded cognitive skills (especially those acquired through schooling) significantly.

Basic schooling --- Cognitive skills --- Compulsory schooling --- Education --- Education for All --- Education investments --- Educational attainment --- Educational levels --- Effective Schools and Teachers --- Primary Education --- School age --- School students --- Schooling --- Secondary Education --- Secondary school