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Individual Differences in Resistance to Truth Decay: Exploring the Role of Reasoning and Cognitive Biases
Authors: --- --- --- ---
Year: 2022 Publisher: RAND Corporation

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In this report, the authors address one of Truth Decay's proposed drivers: characteristics of human cognitive processing, such as cognitive biases. The authors describe development of a survey measure that they used to examine characteristics of human cognitive processing (such as cognitive biases) and assess the results for individuals' resistance or susceptibility to Truth Decay. The authors focused on six Truth Decay measures: endorsement of scientific consensus, endorsement of verifiable facts, rejection of false conspiracy theories, distinguishing fact from opinion, willingness to accept expert recommendations, and philosophical positivism versus skepticism. The survey used six measures of cognitive biases and reasoning: numeracy, scientific reasoning, magical reasoning, availability bias, unjustified confidence, and ingroup bias. Generally speaking, greater resistance to Truth Decay on each of the six scales was predicted by greater numeracy, greater scientific reasoning, and less magical reasoning. Among the cognitive biases, greater availability bias was associated with greater susceptibility to false conspiracy theories but also greater trust in experts. Greater unjustified confidence by individuals in their own knowledge was associated with greater trust in experts. Ingroup bias was at times associated with greater susceptibility to Truth Decay (lower endorsement of scientific consensus and verifiable fact, lower philosophical positivism) and at other times associated with greater resistance to Truth Decay (rejecting false conspiracy theories, distinguishing fact from opinion). In terms of demographics, resistance to Truth Decay was most consistently associated with those who had a higher income, those who were White, and those who voted for Hillary Clinton in 2016.

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Book
The Defense and Veterans Brain Injury Center Care Coordination Program
Authors: --- --- --- --- --- et al.
ISBN: 0833083317 0833080997 9780833083319 9780833080998 Year: 2013 Publisher: Santa Monica, CA RAND

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Disabled veterans --- Brain damage --- Persons --- Craniocerebral Trauma --- Evaluation Studies as Topic --- Brain Diseases --- Health Care Evaluation Mechanisms --- Quality of Health Care --- Named Groups --- Central Nervous System Diseases --- Investigative Techniques --- Trauma, Nervous System --- Wounds and Injuries --- Health Services Administration --- Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment --- Health Care --- Diseases --- Health Care Quality, Access, and Evaluation --- Nervous System Diseases --- Disabled Persons --- Program Evaluation --- Brain Injuries --- Veterans --- Medicine --- Health & Biological Sciences --- Neurology --- Management --- Medical care --- Patients --- Rehabilitation --- Veteran --- Acute Brain Injuries --- Brain Injuries, Acute --- Brain Injuries, Focal --- Focal Brain Injuries --- Injuries, Acute Brain --- Injuries, Brain --- Brain Lacerations --- Acute Brain Injury --- Brain Injury --- Brain Injury, Acute --- Brain Injury, Focal --- Brain Laceration --- Focal Brain Injury --- Injuries, Focal Brain --- Injury, Acute Brain --- Injury, Brain --- Injury, Focal Brain --- Laceration, Brain --- Lacerations, Brain --- Brain --- Family Planning Program Evaluation --- Program Appropriateness --- Program Effectiveness --- Program Sustainability --- Evaluation, Program --- Appropriateness, Program --- Effectiveness, Program --- Evaluations, Program --- Program Evaluations --- Program Sustainabilities --- Sustainabilities, Program --- Sustainability, Program --- Physically Disabled --- Handicapped --- People with Disabilities --- Persons with Disabilities --- Physically Challenged --- Physically Handicapped --- Disabilities, People with --- Disabilities, Persons with --- Disability, Persons with --- Disabled Person --- Disabled, Physically --- Handicapped, Physically --- People with Disability --- Person, Disabled --- Persons with Disability --- Persons, Disabled --- Nervous System Disorders --- Neurological Disorders --- Neurologic Disorders --- Disease, Nervous System --- Diseases, Nervous System --- Disorder, Nervous System --- Disorder, Neurologic --- Disorder, Neurological --- Disorders, Nervous System --- Disorders, Neurologic --- Disorders, Neurological --- Nervous System Disease --- Nervous System Disorder --- Neurologic Disorder --- Neurological Disorder --- Healthcare Quality, Access, and Evaluation --- Community-Based Distribution --- Contraceptive Distribution --- Delivery of Healthcare --- Dental Care Delivery --- Distribution, Non-Clinical --- Distribution, Nonclinical --- Distributional Activities --- Healthcare --- Healthcare Delivery --- Healthcare Systems --- Non-Clinical Distribution --- Nonclinical Distribution --- Delivery of Dental Care --- Health Care Delivery --- Health Care Systems --- Activities, Distributional --- Activity, Distributional --- Care, Health --- Community Based Distribution --- Community-Based Distributions --- Contraceptive Distributions --- Deliveries, Healthcare --- Delivery, Dental Care --- Delivery, Health Care --- Delivery, Healthcare --- Distribution, Community-Based --- Distribution, Contraceptive --- Distribution, Non Clinical --- Distributional Activity --- Distributions, Community-Based --- Distributions, Contraceptive --- Distributions, Non-Clinical --- Distributions, Nonclinical --- Health Care System --- Healthcare Deliveries --- Healthcare System --- Non Clinical Distribution --- Non-Clinical Distributions --- Nonclinical Distributions --- System, Health Care --- System, Healthcare --- Systems, Health Care --- Systems, Healthcare --- Administration, Health Services --- Health Services --- Injuries and Wounds --- Injuries, Wounds --- Research-Related Injuries --- Wounds --- Wounds and Injury --- Wounds, Injury --- Injuries --- Trauma --- Injuries, Research-Related --- Injury --- Injury and Wounds --- Injury, Research-Related --- Research Related Injuries --- Research-Related Injury --- Traumas --- Wound --- Axonotmesis --- Injuries, Nervous System --- Neurotmesis --- Craniocervical Injuries --- Nervous System Injuries --- Axonotmeses --- Craniocervical Injury --- Nervous System Injury --- Nervous System Trauma --- Nervous System Traumas --- Neurotmeses --- Nervous System --- Investigative Technics --- Investigative Technic --- Investigative Technique --- Technic, Investigative --- Technics, Investigative --- Technique, Investigative --- Techniques, Investigative --- CNS Diseases --- Central Nervous System Disorders --- CNS Disease --- Quality of Care --- Quality of Healthcare --- Care Qualities --- Care Quality --- Health Care Quality --- Healthcare Quality --- Healthcare Evaluation Mechanisms --- Evaluation Mechanism, Healthcare --- Evaluation Mechanisms, Healthcare --- Healthcare Evaluation Mechanism --- Mechanism, Healthcare Evaluation --- Mechanisms, Healthcare Evaluation --- Brain Disorders --- CNS Disorders, Intracranial --- Central Nervous System Disorders, Intracranial --- Central Nervous System Intracranial Disorders --- Encephalon Diseases --- Encephalopathy --- Intracranial CNS Disorders --- Intracranial Central Nervous System Disorders --- Brain Disease --- Brain Disorder --- CNS Disorder, Intracranial --- Encephalon Disease --- Encephalopathies --- Intracranial CNS Disorder --- Critique --- Evaluation --- Evaluation Indexes --- Evaluation Methodology --- Evaluation Report --- Evaluation Research --- Methodology, Evaluation --- Pre-Post Tests --- Qualitative Evaluation --- Quantitative Evaluation --- Theoretical Effectiveness --- Use-Effectiveness --- Critiques --- Effectiveness, Theoretical --- Evaluation Methodologies --- Evaluation Reports --- Evaluation, Qualitative --- Evaluation, Quantitative --- Evaluations --- Evaluations, Qualitative --- Evaluations, Quantitative --- Indexes, Evaluation --- Methodologies, Evaluation --- Pre Post Tests --- Pre-Post Test --- Qualitative Evaluations --- Quantitative Evaluations --- Report, Evaluation --- Reports, Evaluation --- Research, Evaluation --- Test, Pre-Post --- Tests, Pre-Post --- Use Effectiveness --- Craniocerebral Injuries --- Crushing Skull Injury --- Forehead Trauma --- Head Injuries, Multiple --- Head Injury, Minor --- Head Injury, Open --- Head Injury, Superficial --- Injuries, Craniocerebral --- Injuries, Head --- Multiple Head Injuries --- Occipital Trauma --- Open Head Injury --- Superficial Head Injury --- Trauma, Head --- Frontal Region Trauma --- Head Injuries --- Head Trauma --- Occipital Region Trauma --- Parietal Region Trauma --- Temporal Region Trauma --- Craniocerebral Injury --- Craniocerebral Traumas --- Crushing Skull Injuries --- Forehead Traumas --- Frontal Region Traumas --- Head Injuries, Minor --- Head Injuries, Open --- Head Injuries, Superficial --- Head Injury --- Head Injury, Multiple --- Head Traumas --- Injuries, Minor Head --- Injuries, Multiple Head --- Injuries, Open Head --- Injuries, Superficial Head --- Injury, Craniocerebral --- Injury, Head --- Injury, Minor Head --- Injury, Multiple Head --- Injury, Open Head --- Injury, Superficial Head --- Minor Head Injuries --- Minor Head Injury --- Multiple Head Injury --- Occipital Region Traumas --- Occipital Traumas --- Open Head Injuries --- Parietal Region Traumas --- Region Trauma, Frontal --- Region Trauma, Occipital --- Region Trauma, Parietal --- Region Traumas, Frontal --- Region Traumas, Occipital --- Region Traumas, Parietal --- Skull Injuries, Crushing --- Skull Injury, Crushing --- Superficial Head Injuries --- Temporal Region Traumas --- Trauma, Craniocerebral --- Trauma, Forehead --- Trauma, Frontal Region --- Trauma, Occipital --- Trauma, Occipital Region --- Trauma, Parietal Region --- Trauma, Temporal Region --- Traumas, Craniocerebral --- Traumas, Forehead --- Traumas, Frontal Region --- Traumas, Head --- Traumas, Occipital --- Traumas, Occipital Region --- Traumas, Parietal Region --- Traumas, Temporal Region --- Head --- Person --- Disabled sailors --- Disabled soldiers --- Service-disabled veterans --- Veterans, Disabled --- injuries --- organization & administration --- Military Personnel --- Veterans Health --- Military Family --- Social Validity, Research --- Rehabilitation Research --- Bedridden Persons --- Immobilization --- Sports for Persons with Disabilities --- Health Services for Persons with Disabilities --- First Aid --- Traumatology --- Pharmacy Audit --- Audit, Pharmacy --- Pharmacy Audits --- Optic Nerve Injuries --- Olfactory Nerve Diseases --- Psychology, Pathological --- People with disabilities --- Wounds and injuries --- Central Nervous System Disease --- Central Nervous System Disorder --- Defense and Veterans Brain Injury Center (Washington, D.C.) --- Evaluation. --- DVBIC --- D.V.B.I.C. --- Defense Centers of Excellence for Psychological Health & Traumatic Brain Injury (U.S.) --- Traumatic Brain Injury Center of Excellence (U.S.) --- Defense and Veterans Brain Injury Center (Silver Spring, Md.)


Book
The Role of Nonprofit Organizations in Community Recovery After Nondeclared Disasters

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Nonprofit organizations (NPOs) are an important source of nongovernmental aid for communities during disaster response and recovery. Although much has been written about NPO capability to build community capacity, little empirical research quantifies the main mechanism by which NPOs are believed to address community needs: social capital. Moreover, what roles do NPOs play in recovery processes when federal assistance is limited? To explore lessons learned from prior nondeclared-disaster events, the authors describe six case studies from diverse community contexts. Innovations that support recovery in underserved communities are considered, and metrics for assessing the role of NPOs in socioeconomic recovery are explored. Recommendations address data limitations with near- and longer-term efforts to capture NPO activities and roles through systematic qualitative and quantitative methods.

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Book
Improving the Financial Resilience of Public Entities and Individuals for Natural Disasters: A Resource Guide for State and Local Government
Authors: --- --- --- --- --- et al.
Year: 2023 Publisher: RAND Corporation

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Individuals and state and local governments (public entities) incur losses associated with natural disasters. For individuals, there are costs associated with evacuating, possible periods of unemployment, and costs associated with physical damage caused by the event, much of which is uninsured loss. Similarly, public entities incur damage to public buildings and public utilities and tax base losses associated with reduced economic activity. Although an entire community experiences a natural disaster, low-income communities and communities of color are disproportionately vulnerable to the risks of natural hazards and encounter the most difficulty in recovering from disasters. The U.S. federal government provides funds for disaster response and recovery for both individuals and public entities. However, federal assistance is limited, and financial gaps remain. The authors of this report do not make policy recommendations but rather provide a resource documenting programs and products that some communities have adopted to help improve individual and community financial resilience. Many of these products are available from the private sector, and others are programs developed by public entities or nongovernmental organizations. Improving the financial resilience of public entities and individuals after a natural disaster strengthens and speeds up a community's ability to recover.

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Building Community Resilience to Large Oil Spills: Findings and Recommendations from a Synthesis of Research on the Mental Health, Economic, and Community Distress Associated with the Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill

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The 2010 Deepwater Horizon (DWH) oil spill was the largest in U.S. history, releasing an estimated 4.9 million barrels of oil into the Gulf of Mexico. The scale of the disaster motivated diverse stakeholders to examine the human dimensions of the spill and how communities' resilience to similar threats could be improved. This examination is needed because, as long as humans depend on extracting oil and gas for energy, coastal regions are at risk for spills. In this report, the authors explore how communities, government officials, nongovernmental organizations, businesses, and scientists can build community resilience to large oil spills. Researchers found mixed evidence of distress associated with the DWH disaster and a variety of factors that affected the nature and severity of people's experiences.

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Streamlining Emergency Management: Issues, Impacts, and Options for Improvement

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Emergency managers in the United States face a challenging operating environment characterized by more-frequent and -intense storms, extended or year-round wildfire seasons, multiple simultaneous disasters, and an ongoing global pandemic. The sheer magnitude and growing frequency of weather and climate disasters are straining the capacities, capabilities, and systems that enable the United States to prepare for, respond to, and recover from disasters. To support the U.S. emergency management system, the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) and other entities have created constructs - programs, grants, assessments, doctrine, and coordination bodies - at different times and in response to various events and needs. The overall number of constructs has grown, and the poor integration among them can worsen emergency management services and disaster outcomes. Researchers reviewed 31 FEMA-selected constructs for opportunities to streamline, simplify, and strengthen the system, assessing how overlap, duplication, and fragmentation could affect implementation and outcomes. In this report, the researchers describe options for addressing the issues and impacts identified. Some options are designed to address specific impacts or individual constructs, while others propose broader solutions that would transform the emergency management system. Truly transformative changes generally require a broad consensus and engagement by multiple actors and would therefore likely be more difficult than smaller-scale changes to achieve. However, adoption of such options also offers the greatest opportunity for significant streamlining. The authors also discuss trade-offs in costs and unintended consequences.

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Book
Using Natural Language Processing to Code Patient Experience Narratives: Capabilities and Challenges
Authors: --- --- --- --- --- et al.
Year: 2020 Publisher: Santa Monica, Calif. RAND Corporation

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Patient narratives about experiences with health care contain a wealth of information about what is important to patients. These narratives are valuable for both identifying strengths and weaknesses in health care and developing strategies for improvement. However, rigorous qualitative analysis of the extensive data contained in these narratives is a resource-intensive process, and one that can exceed the capabilities of human analysts. One potential solution to these challenges is natural language processing (NLP), which uses computer algorithms to extract structured meaning from unstructured natural language. Because NLP is a relatively new undertaking in the field of health care, the authors set out to demonstrate its feasibility for organizing and classifying these data in a way that can generate actionable information. In doing so, the authors focused on two steps that must be performed by a machine learning (ML) system designed to classify narratives into such codes as those typically applied by human coders (e.g., positive or negative statements regarding care coordination). These steps are (1) numerically representing the text data (in this case, entire narratives as they are provided by patients) and (2) classifying the data by codes based on that representation. The authors also compared four related approaches to deploying ML algorithms, identified potential pitfalls in the processing of data, and showed how NLP can be used to supplement and support human coding.

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An Initial Methodology for Evaluating Social Equity Performance in Disaster Mitigation Grants: The Building Resilient Infrastructure and Communities Program

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Some U.S. communities, such as low-income or minority communities, are disproportionately affected by the impact of disasters. Distribution of both mitigation funding and recovery funding has not been equitably applied to all communities, with disadvantaged communities receiving less of both funds. Weather and climate disasters continued to escalate in 2021, resulting in billions of dollars in disaster costs and hundreds of fatalities in the United States. Predisaster mitigation is meant to lessen the damaging effects of future storms — thereby reducing the losses to both infrastructure and communities. The Building Resilient Infrastructure and Communities (BRIC) grant program aims to help communities undertake predisaster mitigation to reduce natural hazard risk. In response to an executive order to address inequitable funding systems that impede progress toward community resilience, an explicit guiding principle of BRIC is to promote social equity and help members of disadvantaged groups. To track progress toward equitable outcomes, BRIC is in the process of developing equity evaluation methods. In this report, the authors describe the development of an equity action-logic model and example metrics. The relationship of community characteristics to participation and success in BRIC's first competitive cycle (fiscal year 2020) is examined. Recommendations address (1) how the BRIC program could evolve to track social equity outcomes in a meaningful way; (2) the value of integrated data sets and analytic methods for understanding the characteristics of communities that are applying for BRIC funding and those that are successful; and (3) the barriers disadvantaged communities face when applying for BRIC funding.

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How Do We Know Whether Federal Disaster Programs Are Equitable? An Initial Methodology for Evaluating Social Equity Performance of the Building Resilient Infrastructure and Communities Mitigation Grant Program

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Some communities, such as low-income or minority communities, are disproportionately affected by the impact of disasters, in part because they have fewer financial resources available to prepare for or recover from damages to property or livelihoods. The federal government has established several grant programs — such as the Building Resilient Infrastructure and Communities (BRIC) hazard mitigation grant program — that provide funding to support mitigation before a disaster and recovery after a disaster hits. However, distribution of both mitigation and recovery funding has not been equitably applied to all communities, with underserved communities receiving less of both. The Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) engaged the Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (HSOAC), a federally funded research and development center (FFRDC) operated by the RAND Corporation for the U.S. Department of Homeland Security, to help explore how the BRIC hazard mitigation grant program is addressing social equity considerations. This report provides an initial methodology for how BRIC can assess the program's social equity performance. It also identifies community characteristics and natural hazard risks related to participation and success of subapplications in the first year of the BRIC grant cycle (fiscal year 2020).

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Book
Understanding treatment of mild traumatic brain injury in the military health system
Authors: --- --- --- --- --- et al.
ISBN: 0833092898 9780833092892 9780833092762 0833092766 Year: 2016 Publisher: Santa Monica, Calif.

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