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For over a millennium and a half, Egypt was home to at least two commonly used languages of communication. Although this situation is by no means exceptional in the ancient and medieval worlds, the wealth of documentary sources preserved by Egypt's papyri makes the country a privileged observation ground for the study of ancient multilingualism. One of the greatest contributions of papyri to this subject is that they capture more linguistic registers than other ancient and medieval sources, since they range from very private documents not meant by their author to be read by future generations, to official documents produced by the administration, which are preserved in their original form. This collection of essays aims to make this wealth better known, as well as to give a diachronic view of multilingual practices in Egypt from the arrival of the Greeks as a political force in the country with Alexander the Great, to the beginnings of Abbasid rule when Greek, and slowly also Coptic, receded from the documentary record. The first section of the book gives an overview of the documentary sources for this subject, which for ancient history standards are very rich and as yet under-exploited. The second part contains several case studies from different periods that deal with language use in contexts of varying breadth and scope, from its the ritual use in magic or the liturgy to private letters and state administration.

Multilingualism --- Bilingualism --- Languages in contact --- Greek language, Hellenistic (300 B.C.-600 A.D.) --- Coptic language --- Manuscripts, Greek (Papyri) --- Multilinguisme --- Bilinguisme --- Langues en contact --- Grec hellénistique (Langue) --- Copte (Langue) --- Papyrus grecs --- History --- Dialects --- Histoire --- Dialectes --- Egypt --- Egypte --- Languages --- Langues --- Coptic manuscripts (Papyri) --- Coptic manuscripts (Papyri). --- Manuscripts, Greek (Papyri). --- Grec hellénistique (Langue) --- Plurilingualism --- Polyglottism --- Language and languages --- Greek papyri --- Papyri, Greek --- Manuscripts, Classical (Papyri) --- Manuscripts (Papyri) --- Areal linguistics --- Greek language (Koinē) --- Hellenistic Greek --- Koinē (Greek language) --- Manuscripts, Coptic (Papyri) --- Egyptian language --- Égypte --- Ägypten --- Egitto --- Egipet --- Egiptos --- Miṣr --- Southern Region (United Arab Republic) --- Egyptian Region (United Arab Republic) --- Iqlīm al-Janūbī (United Arab Republic) --- Egyptian Territory (United Arab Republic) --- Egipat --- Arab Republic of Egypt --- A.R.E. --- ARE (Arab Republic of Egypt) --- Jumhūrīyat Miṣr al-ʻArabīyah --- Mitsrayim --- Egipt --- Ijiptʻŭ --- Misri --- Ancient Egypt --- Gouvernement royal égyptien --- جمهورية مصر العربية --- مِصر‎ --- مَصر‎ --- Maṣr --- Khēmi --- エジプト --- Ejiputo --- Egypti --- Egypten --- מצרים --- United Arab Republic

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The papers in this volume examine the interaction between history and hagiography in the late antique and medieval Middle East, exploring the various ways in which the two genres were used and combined to analyse, interpret, and re-create the past. The contributors focus on the circulation of motifs between the two forms of writing and the modifications and adaptations of the initial story that such reuse entailed. Beyond this purely literary question, the retold stories are shown to have been at the centre of a number of cultural, political, and religious strategies, as they were appropriated by different groups, not least by the nascent Muslim community. Writing ‘True Stories’ also foregrounds the importance of some Christian hagiographical motifs in Muslim historiography, where they were creatively adapted and subverted to define early Islamic ideals of piety and charisma.

Hagiography --- Middle Eastern literature --- Literature, Medieval --- Christianity and literature --- Hagiographie --- Littérature moyen-orientale --- Littérature médiévale --- Christianisme et littérature --- History. --- History and criticism. --- History --- Histoire --- Histoire et critique --- Middle East --- Moyen-Orient --- Historiography. --- Historiographie --- History and criticism --- Historiography --- -Hagiography --- -Middle Eastern literature --- -Literature, Medieval --- -Christianity and literature --- -235.3 <5--011> --- 930.21 <35> --- 956 --- 930.21 <35> Historiografie. Geschiedenis van de geschiedwetenschap--Tweestromenland en het Oude Midden-Oosten --- Historiografie. Geschiedenis van de geschiedwetenschap--Tweestromenland en het Oude Midden-Oosten --- Literature and Christianity --- Literature --- Christian literature --- European literature --- Medieval literature --- Near Eastern literature --- Hagiology --- Saints --- -History and criticism --- -Hagiografie--Nabije-Oosten. Midden-Oosten --- History Asia Middle and Near East --- Littérature moyen-orientale --- Littérature médiévale --- Christianisme et littérature --- 235.3 <5--011> --- Hagiografie--Nabije-Oosten. Midden-Oosten --- Asia, South West --- Asia, Southwest --- Asia, West --- Asia, Western --- East (Middle East) --- Eastern Mediterranean --- Fertile Crescent --- Levant --- Mediterranean Region, Eastern --- Mideast --- Near East --- Northern Tier (Middle East) --- South West Asia --- Southwest Asia --- West Asia --- Western Asia --- Orient --- To 1500 --- Literature [Medieval ] --- Hagiography - History - To 1500 --- Middle Eastern literature - History and criticism --- Literature, Medieval - History and criticism --- Christianity and literature - Middle East - History - To 1500 --- Middle East - Historiography --- Hagiographers --- Hagiologists --- Biographers

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Vingt-et-une communications par des chercheurs travaillant sur le terrain au Proche-Orient et en Egypte étudient sur des cas concrets l’évolution démographique et sociale entraînée par le passage de la domination byzantine à la nouvelle administration arabe, omeyyade puis abbasside. Les conditions générales de l’agriculture dans cette vaste zone sont examinées, complétées par des analyses plus détaillées concernant la mise en valeur des régions comme l’Osrhoène, la ville de Resafa et son territoire, la Syrie centrale et son prolongement steppique oriental, Damas et son arrière-pays, l’évolution de l’habitat urbain de la Palestine Seconde à l’Est du Jourdain, le développement en florissantes bourgades d’anciens forts du limes, la réoccupation de sites antiques (dont le sanctuaire nabatéen de Khirbet ed-Darih) par des villages chrétiens puis musulmans. Les fluctuations du nomadisme dans les zones steppiques et leur impact sur les essais de sédentarisme sont bien mis en évidence tant dans les marges arides de la Syrie centrale que dans la partie située à l’Est du delta du Nil. La fortification des villes reste un trait constant de l’époque. L’ère islamique se caractérise par l’abandon du limes romain le long de la strata Diocletiana et par le maintien et le renforcement des défenses urbaines le long de la côte méditerranéenne, devenue désormais une frontière entre Byzance et les Arabes après avoir perdu son rôle de boulevard commercial avec l’occupation perse puis la conquête islamique. Le christianisme se maintient et reste majoritaire dans cette région jusqu’aux IXe –Xe siècles , même si l’on observe à partir du VIIIe siècle un certain tassement. Les nombreuses inscriptions et la qualité des fouilles actuelles permettent une compréhension de plus en plus fine du phénomène d’éradication des images d’êtres animés des mosaïques et des sculptures. Certains lieux de pèlerinage déclinent vers le IXe siècle, comme Abou Mina, voire dès le courant du VIIIe siècle comme à Saint-Hilarion mais se maintiennent encore à Qal‘at Seman au XIIe siècle ou à Resafa jusqu’aux raids mongols. Dans l’ensemble, malgré des bouleversements importants dans les élites et l’émergence du pouvoir omeyyade, qui utilise abondamment comme gestionnaires les chrétiens locaux, l’Etat se maintient et l’islamisation du pouvoir ne s’effectue que progressivement, si l’on excepte quelques violentes crises. Sous les abbassides, le transfert du pouvoir à Bagdad, où les traditions sassanides se font à nouveau sentir, entraîne un dépérissement du sud et renforce le dynamisme et la prospérité de la région mésopotamienne.

Land settlement patterns --- Excavations (Archaeology) --- Cities and towns --- Colonisation intérieure --- Fouilles (Archéologie) --- Villes --- Types --- Middle East --- Islamic Empire --- Moyen-Orient --- Empire islamique --- History --- Civilization --- Antiquities --- Histoire --- Civilisation --- Antiquités --- Abbassides (dynastie) --- Araméens --- Arabes --- Archéologie et histoire --- Culture matérielle --- Églises --- Geschichte 600-1000. --- Excavations --- Conferences - Meetings --- Colonisation intérieure --- Fouilles (Archéologie) --- Antiquités --- Congresses --- Abbasids --- Byzantine Empire --- Justinian I, 527-565

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Conversion --- Church history --- Islam --- Eglise --- Christianity --- History of doctrines --- Congresses --- Congresses. --- History --- Christianisme --- Histoire des doctrines --- Congrès --- Histoire --- 27 "00/07" --- 297 <09> --- Mohammedanism --- Muhammadanism --- Muslimism --- Mussulmanism --- Religions --- Muslims --- Religious conversion --- Psychology, Religious --- Proselytizing --- Kerkgeschiedenis--?"00/07" --- Islamisme. Mahométisme--Geschiedenis van ... --- Conferences - Meetings --- Congrès --- Islamisme. Mahométisme--Geschiedenis van .. --- Islamisme. Mahométisme--Geschiedenis van . --- Islamisme. Mahométisme--Geschiedenis van --- Conversion - Christianity - History - To 1500 - Congresses --- Church history - Primitive and early church, ca. 30-600 - Congresses --- Church history - Middle Ages, 600-1500 - Congresses --- Conversion - Islam - History - Congresses --- Islam - History - To 1500 - Congresses