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This book constitutes the refereed proceedings of the 16th International Conference on Formal Engineering Methods, ICFEM 2014, held in Luxembourg, Luxembourg, in November 2014. The 28 revised full papers presented were carefully reviewed and selected from 73 submissions. The papers cover a wide range of topics in the area of formal methods and software engineering and are devoted to advancing the state of the art of applying formal methods in practice. They focus in particular on combinations of conceptual and methodological aspects with their formal foundation and tool support.

Computer science. --- Computer communication systems. --- Computer programming. --- Software engineering. --- Programming languages (Electronic computers). --- Algorithms. --- Mathematical logic. --- Computer Science. --- Software Engineering. --- Programming Techniques. --- Programming Languages, Compilers, Interpreters. --- Algorithm Analysis and Problem Complexity. --- Mathematical Logic and Formal Languages. --- Computer Communication Networks. --- Computer software. --- Software, Computer --- Computer systems --- Computer software engineering --- Engineering --- Informatics --- Science --- Formal methods (Computer science) --- Communication systems, Computer --- Computer communication systems --- Data networks, Computer --- ECNs (Electronic communication networks) --- Electronic communication networks --- Networks, Computer --- Teleprocessing networks --- Data transmission systems --- Digital communications --- Electronic systems --- Information networks --- Telecommunication --- Cyberinfrastructure --- Electronic data processing --- Network computers --- Algebra of logic --- Logic, Universal --- Mathematical logic --- Symbolic and mathematical logic --- Symbolic logic --- Mathematics --- Algebra, Abstract --- Metamathematics --- Set theory --- Syllogism --- Algorism --- Algebra --- Arithmetic --- Computer languages --- Computer program languages --- Computer programming languages --- Machine language --- Languages, Artificial --- Computers --- Electronic computer programming --- Electronic digital computers --- Programming (Electronic computers) --- Coding theory --- Distributed processing --- Foundations --- Programming

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This book constitutes the refereed proceedings of the 16th International Conference on Formal Engineering Methods, ICFEM 2014, held in Luxembourg, Luxembourg, in November 2014. The 28 revised full papers presented were carefully reviewed and selected from 73 submissions. The papers cover a wide range of topics in the area of formal methods and software engineering and are devoted to advancing the state of the art of applying formal methods in practice. They focus in particular on combinations of conceptual and methodological aspects with their formal foundation and tool support.

Mathematical logic --- Complex analysis --- Computer science --- Programming --- Computer architecture. Operating systems --- Computer. Automation --- complexe analyse (wiskunde) --- bedrijfssoftware --- computers --- programmeren (informatica) --- programmeertalen --- wiskunde --- software engineering --- logica --- computernetwerken --- computerkunde

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This study analyzes the potential impacts of a national emission trading scheme on provincial economies in China of meeting China's emission reduction pledges, the Nationally Determined Contributions announced under the Paris Agreement. The study developed a multiregional, multisectoral, recursive-dynamic computable general equilibrium model and calibrated it with the latest provincial-level social accounting matrices (2012). The study shows that meeting China's Nationally Determined Contributions through an emission trading scheme would reduce almost 30 percent of the emission reduction from the business as usual scenario in 2030. If the baseline is corrected based on information from a bottom-up energy sector model, TIMES, the required reduction of emissions from the baseline in 2030 drops by half, to 15 percent. At the national level, the emission trading scheme would cause a 1.2 to 1.5 percent reduction in gross domestic product from the business as usual scenario in 2030. If the baseline is corrected, the impact on gross domestic product drops by two-thirds. The emission trading scheme would cause some provincial economies to gain and others to lose. The economic impacts are highly sensitive to the allowance allocation rules. Not only the magnitudes, but also the directions of the economic impacts alter when the allocation rules change. The provinces that rely on coal mining or coal-intensive manufacturing industries are found to experience relatively larger economic losses irrespective of the allowance allocation rules.

Carbon Policy --- Carbon Policy and Trading --- Carbon Pricing --- CGE Model --- Climate Change Mitigation --- Climate Change Mitigation and Green House Gases --- Computable General Equilibrium Model --- Emissions Trading --- Energy --- Energy and Environment --- Energy Conservation and Efficiency --- Energy Consumption --- Energy Demand --- Energy Policies and Economics --- Environment --- Environment and Energy Efficiency --- Renewable Energy

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Logic --- Computer architecture. Operating systems --- Artificial intelligence. Robotics. Simulation. Graphics --- Computer. Automation --- computers --- mineralen (chemie) --- mijnbouw --- software engineering --- KI (kunstmatige intelligentie)

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Top-down economic models, such as computable general equilibrium models, are the common tools to assess the economic impacts of climate change policies. However, these models are incapable of representing the detailed technological characteristics of the sources of greenhouse gas emissions. The economic impacts measured by the top-down economic models are likely to be overestimated. This study attempts to quantify the overestimation by measuring the economic impacts linking the top-down model with a bottom-up engineering model for the energy sector. The study uses meeting China's pledges under the Paris Agreement for testing this hypothesis. The study shows that the economic impacts measured by the stand-alone top-down model are almost three times as high as those resulting from the model after linking it with the bottom-up model. However, the findings are sensitive to the assumptions and existing or planned policies on energy technologies considered in the bottom-up model.

Bottom-Up Model --- Climate Change --- Climate Change Impacts --- Climate Change Mitigation and Green House Gases --- Climate Policy --- Computable General Equilibrium Model --- Economic Theory and Research --- Emissions --- Energy --- Energy and Environment --- Energy Conservation and Efficiency --- Energy Demand --- Energy Engineering --- Energy Modeling --- Energy Policies and Economics --- Energy Technology --- Environment --- Greenhouse Gas --- Macroeconomic Impact --- Macroeconomics and Economic Growth --- Power Sector Planning --- Top-Down Model --- Vertical Linkage