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Input subsidy programs carry support as instruments to increase agricultural productivity, provided they are market-smart. This requires especially proper targeting to contain the fiscal pressure, with decentralized targeting of input vouchers currently the instrument of choice. Nonetheless, despite clear advantages in administrative costs, the fear of elite capture persists. These fears are borne out in the experience from the 2008 input voucher pilot program in Kilimanjaro, Tanzania, examined here. Elected village officials received about 60 percent of the distributed vouchers, a factor that significantly reduced the targeting performance of the program, especially in more unequal and remote communities. When targeting the poor, greater coverage and a focus on high trust settings helped mitigate these concerns. The findings highlight the continuing need for scrutiny when relying on decentralized targeting. A clearer sense of purpose (increasing productivity among poorer farmers versus increasing aggregate output) could also enhance the targeting performance.

Decentralization --- Economic Theory & Research --- Environment --- Fertilizer --- Housing & Human Habitats --- Local Elite --- Regional Economic Development --- Rural development --- Rural Poverty Reduction --- Services & Transfers to Poor --- Social development --- Targeting --- Voucher Program --- Tanzania

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This book presents the latest research on honeypots and their applications. After introducing readers to the basic concepts of honeypots and common types, it reviews various honeypot frameworks such as web-server-based, client-based, shadow and artificially intelligent honeypots. In addition, it offers extensive information on the contribution of honeypots in some of the most popular malware research area such as DDoS, Worm, APT, forensics and Bot attacks. The book subsequently tackles the issue of honeypot countermeasures, shows many of the tricks often used by hackers to discover honeypots, and proposes a counter-countermeasure to help conceal them. It then puts forward a new framework that integrates various novel concepts, and which can feasibly be used for the detection of potential ransomware and bitcoin. As such, the book provides non-experts with a concise guide to honeypots, and will also benefit practitioners working on security systems.

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