Choose an application

• Reference Manager
• EndNote
• RefWorks (Direct export to RefWorks)

Frontier and pioneer life --- Frontier and pioneer life. --- Queensland. --- Queensland --- History.

Choose an application

• Reference Manager
• EndNote
• RefWorks (Direct export to RefWorks)

This paper identifies and discusses four issues in creating annuities in (nonfinancial) defined contribution (NDC) schemes that are essential for systems' financial stability and fair inter or intragenerational redistribution. The first issue is the choice between incorporating the rate of return into the annuity or into the exogenous indexation. The second issue is in choosing a projection method for life expectancy that produces systematically unbiased estimates. The third issue is at what age the projection of life expectancy is to be fixed over the remaining lifetime of the annuity. The final issue is the prevalence of socioeconomic heterogeneity within the insurance pool.

Annuities --- Life Expectancy --- Pensions and Retirement Systems --- Social Protections and Labor

Choose an application

• Reference Manager
• EndNote
• RefWorks (Direct export to RefWorks)

Latvia introduced a nonfinancial defined contribution (NDC) scheme in 1996 as it transitioned to a market economy. Despite a 20 percent decline in the working-age population from 1994-2016, the ratio of contributors to old-age pensioners rose from 1.6 to 2.1 given a steady increase in formal labor force participation and 5-6 percent real per capita wage growth. Projections show that long-term financial balance will be maintained through 2070, despite the threat of a projected 50 percent decline in the working-age population. Budgeted reserves will cushion the continued transition into a two-pillar public pension scheme. Latvia's most important long-term policy challenge is to create the domestic investments and economic growth to reward younger workers for remaining in the country.

Pension Reform --- Pensions and Retirement Systems --- Social Protections and Labor

Choose an application

• Reference Manager
• EndNote
• RefWorks (Direct export to RefWorks)

eebo-0018

Booksellers and bookselling --- Catalogs, Booksellers' --- History

Choose an application

• Reference Manager
• EndNote
• RefWorks (Direct export to RefWorks)

Consumption (Economics) --- Income