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Income distribution --- Sex discrimination in employment --- Wages --- Longitudinal studies. --- Women --- Labor & Workers' Economics --- Business & Economics --- Longitudinal studies --- Compensation --- Departmental salaries --- Earnings --- Pay --- Remuneration --- Salaries --- Wage-fund --- Wage rates --- Working class --- Distribution of income --- Income inequality --- Inequality of income --- Sociology of work --- Sociology of minorities --- Great Britain --- Employment (Economic theory) --- Sex role in the work environment --- Sexual division of labor --- Income --- Labor costs --- Compensation management --- Cost and standard of living --- Prices --- Distribution (Economic theory) --- Disposable income --- Employment --- E-books --- Pay gap --- Labour market --- Book --- Chiffres --- Discrimination

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Poor people derive most of their income from work; however, there is insufficient understanding of the role of employment and earnings as a linkage between growth and poverty reduction, especially in low income countries. With the objective of providing inputs into the policy discussion on how to enhance poverty reduction through increased employment and earnings for given growth levels, this study explores this linkage in the case of Madagascar using data from the national accounts and household surveys from the years 1999, 2001, and 2005, a period characterized among others by a short but se

Labor market --- Wages --- Poverty --- Labor productivity --- Marché du travail --- Salaires --- Pauvreté --- Productivité --- Labor market. --- Business & Economics --- Labor & Workers' Economics --- Marché du travail --- Pauvreté --- Productivité --- Labor output --- Productivity of labor --- Destitution --- Compensation --- Departmental salaries --- Earnings --- Pay --- Remuneration --- Salaries --- Wage-fund --- Wage rates --- Working class --- Employees --- Market, Labor --- Supply and demand for labor --- Supply and demand --- Industrial productivity --- Capital productivity --- Hours of labor --- Labor time --- Productivity bargaining --- Wealth --- Basic needs --- Begging --- Poor --- Subsistence economy --- Income --- Labor costs --- Compensation management --- Cost and standard of living --- Prices --- Markets

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Zonder onderwerpscode: economie

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Zonder onderwerpscode: wereldeconomie, ontwikkelingsproblematiek

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This paper reviews evidence from 44 middle-income countries on how the recent financial crisis affected jobs and workers' incomes. In addition to providing a rare assessment of the magnitude of the impact across several middle-income countries, the paper describes how labor markets adjusted and how the adjustments varied for different types of countries. The main finding is that the crisis affected the quality of employment more than the number of jobs. Overall, the slow-down in earning growth was considerably higher than that in employment, and the decline in gross domestic product was associated with a sharp decline in output per worker, particularly in the industrial sector. In several counties, hours per worker declined and hourly wages changed little. But both the magnitude and nature of the adjustments varied considerably across countries. For a given drop in gross domestic product, earnings declined more in countries with larger manufacturing sectors, smaller export sectors, and more stringent labor market regulations. In addition, overall employment became more sensitive to growth in gross domestic product. These findings have implications that go beyond the recent financial crisis as they highlight (i) the limitations of focusing policy responses on maintaining jobs and providing alterative employment or replacement income for the unemployed, and (ii) the critical role of fast-track data systems that are capable of monitoring ongoing labor market adjustment during economic downturns, in supporting the design of effective policy responses.

Banks & Banking Reform --- Employment --- Fast-track data systems --- Financial crisis --- Labor Management and Relations --- Labor market regulations --- Labor Markets --- Labor Policies --- Macroeconomics and Economic Growth --- Markets and Market Access --- Poverty Reduction --- Replacement income