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Economic schools --- Harrod, Roy F.

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The question of development is a major topic in courses across the social sciences and history, particularly those focused on Latin America. Many scholars and instructors have tried to pinpoint, explain, and define the problem of underdevelopment in the region. With new ideas have come new strategies that by and large have failed to explain or reduce income disparity and relieve poverty in the region. Why Latin American Nations Fail brings together leading Latin Americanists from several disciplines to address the topic of how and why contemporary development strategies have failed to curb rampant poverty and underdevelopment throughout the region. Given the dramatic political turns in contemporary Latin America, this book offers a much-needed explanation and analysis of the factors that are key to making sense of development today.

Economic development --- Sustainable development --- History. --- academic. --- agriculture. --- argentina. --- brazil. --- colombia. --- consumption. --- contemporary. --- development. --- economy. --- essay collection. --- essays. --- failed nation. --- failed state. --- history. --- human rights. --- income disparity. --- indigenous people. --- latin america. --- latin american history. --- mexico. --- modern world. --- money. --- natural resources. --- peru. --- political. --- politics. --- poverty. --- property rights. --- regional. --- relief. --- scholarly. --- social sciences. --- social studies. --- underdevelopment. --- western world.

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La inclusión financiera abarca todas las iniciativas públicas y privadas, tanto desde el punto de vista de la demanda como de la oferta, orientadas a brindar servicios a los hogares y las pymes que tradicionalmente están excluidos de los servicios financieros formales, utilizando productos y servicios que se adecuen a sus necesidades. Más allá de ampliar los niveles de acceso financiero y bancarización, la inclusión financiera también se refiere a las políticas para mejorar y perfeccionar el uso del sistema financiero para las pymes y hogares que ya forman parte del circuito financiero formal. Con esta lógica, la inclusión financiera debe ser concebida como una política de inserción productiva. Se trata de usar el sistema financiero como instrumento para ampliar las posibilidades de ahorro y consumo de las personas y, a la vez, mejorar el aprovechamiento de los talentos empresariales y las oportunidades de inversión. La inclusión financiera permite que el sistema financiero responda a las distintas y heterogéneas necesidades de financiamiento de los hogares en sus distintas fases del ciclo de vida y de las empresas en sus distintas etapas del proceso productivo y tecnológico.

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This paper examines the relationship between wages and levels of trade and FDI openness in twenty-nine sectors of the Chilean economy. Over the last four decades, this country almost fully liberalized its trade and foreign direct investment, which accelerated growth of flows in both areas and contributed to important changes in the labour market. Using cluster analysis, we divide 29 sectors into three groups of high, medium and low levels of trade and foreign direct investment penetration in 2003 and 2008. Subsequently, an average wage equation is estimated for salaried workers in each group based on their characteristics (gender, education, work experience and union membership) using microdata of the Supplementary Income Survey (SIS) database. Differences between average wages of the three groups are decomposed with the Oaxaca-Blinder method. The results confirm that the group of most open sectors pays a “wage premium” to its workers. It is also shown that most of this premium is accounted for by higher levels of labour unionisation compared to other sectors. An alternative grouping of sectors into two categories of tradable and non-tradable sectors based on export intensity only yields similar results.

Trade --- Chile