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This eBook is a collection of articles from a Frontiers Research Topic. Frontiers Research Topics are very popular trademarks of the Frontiers Journals Series: they are collections of at least ten articles, all centered on a particular subject. With their unique mix of varied contributions from Original Research to Review Articles, Frontiers Research Topics unify the most influential researchers, the latest key findings and historical advances in a hot research area! Find out more on how to host your own Frontiers Research Topic or contribute to one as an author by contacting the Frontiers Editorial Office: frontiersin.org/about/contact

Gait --- Cerebral Palsy --- pediatric neurology --- MRI --- Upper limb --- Ataxia --- tDCS --- Duchenne muscular dystrophy

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Background: Cerebral palsy (CP) is a neurodevelopmental condition caused by non-progressive injury to the infant brain. All children with CP suffer motor impairments, either unilateral or bilateral. In addition, up to 50 percent has some kind of visual impairment. The aim of this systematic review is to investigate the impact of vision on bimanual motor control in children with CP. Data sources: A systematic literature search was applied to Medline, Embase, Web of Science and Cochrane Library until March 2020. Study selection: Studies investigating bimanual coordination in children with CP, with special attention to vision were considered. After deduplication, screening on the basis of title and abstract and full text evaluation eight studies were included for further analysis. Results: The eight included studies all investigated symmetrical bimanual movements in children with unilateral paresis and the visual component concerned mirror visual feedback in 6 of the 8 studies. Visual feedback leads to a better matching accuracy and substituting the impaired arm of children with unilateral spastic cerebral palsy (USCP) by the less impaired arm with mirror therapy can improve interlimb coupling and neuromuscular balance in the upper extremities. In addition visual feedback through error augmentation lowers reaching asymmetry. Conclusion: We suggest a positive influence of vision on bimanual motor control when visual feedback is provided during an ongoing symmetrical bimanual movement. However, to confirm this result blindfolding studies in children with unilateral and bilateral CP should be performed and compared with each other and studies with larger sample sizes are needed.

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Objectives: To review the recent literature concerning the role of visual feedback and feedforward information in reaction time, accuracy, duration, trajectory, and kinematic profiles of unimanual upper limb movements (ULMs) in typically developing children (TDC) between 4 and 18 years of age. Methods: We searched the electronic databases MEDLINE, EMBASE, Web Of Science and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials for articles written in English and published between January 1980 and October 2020. Results: We included 1 longitudinal and 18 cross-sectional studies in our review. When the availability of visual information during ULMs is reduced, overall accuracy of ULMs decreases and children show shorter reaction times. For aiming movements, children have the longest movement durations when visual feedback of their arm is lacking and the shortest movement durations in complete darkness. For reach-to-grasp movements, children show longer movement durations both when visual feedback of their arm, or their arm and the target is lacking. Furthermore, when visual feedback is removed, movement trajectories are longer, more curved and less smooth, maximum grip aperture (MGA) is wider, and children reach their peak velocity and MGA earlier during the movement. Conclusion: Typically developing children between 4 and 18 years of age rely on visual feedback and feedforward information for the planning and guiding of unimanual ULMs. When children cannot rely on this visual information, they try to maintain the accuracy of their movements by reacting faster and moving more cautiously and with a larger safety margin.