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At the close of the twentieth century, Denmark, Finland, and Ireland emerged as unlikely centers for high-tech competition. In When Small States Make Big Leaps, Darius Ornston reveals how these historically low-tech countries managed to assume leading positions in new industries such as biotechnology, software, and telecommunications equipment. In each case, countries used institutions that are commonly perceived to delay restructuring to accelerate the redistribution of resources to emerging enterprises and industries.Ornston draws on interviews with hundreds of politicians, policymakers, and industry representatives to identify two different patterns of institutional innovation and economic restructuring. Irish policymakers worked with industry and labor representatives to contain costs and expand market competition. Denmark and Finland adopted a different strategy, converting an established tradition of private-public and industry-labor cooperation to invest in high-quality inputs such as human capital and research. Both strategies facilitated movement into new high-tech industries but with distinctive political and economic consequences. In explaining how previously slow-moving states entered dynamic new industries, Ornston identifies a broader range of strategies by which countries can respond to disruptive challenges such as economic internationalization, rapid technological innovation, and the shift to services.

High technology industries --- Corporate state --- Industrial policy --- Corporations (Corporate state) --- Corporatism --- Corporative state --- Corporativism --- State, Corporate --- Political science --- Syndicalism --- Fascism --- Functional representation --- Industries

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Corporate state --- Corporate state --- Corporate state --- High technology industries --- High technology industries --- High technology industries --- Industrial policy --- Industrial policy --- Industrial policy

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Political sociology --- Politics

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This paper examines how two historically low-technology economies, Finland and Israel, assumed leadership in new, rapid innovation-based industries. The paper argues that Schumpeterian development agencies, the Finnish Fund for Research and Development and the Israeli Office of the Chief Scientist in the Ministry of Trade and Industry played a transformative role, introducing new science and technology policies and facilitating industrial restructuring. In contrast to literature on the developmental state, however, argues that these agencies were located the periphery of the public sector, with few hard resources. The paper describes how their peripheral location facilitated successful experimentation. It also explains how ostensibly marginal agencies could successfully scale and monitor new initiatives. More specifically, it argues that reform-oriented policy-makers in small states could leverage extensive inter-personal networks to facilitate scaling and international openness to facilitate monitoring. In identifying specific mechanisms by which policy-makers introduced, scaled and monitored policies, it also explains why these two historically innovative economies have struggled to support experimentation in recent years.

Biotechnology --- Capital Markets --- Corporations --- Corruption --- Credibility --- Development Economics & Aid Effectiveness --- Economic Development --- Economic Growth --- Economic theory & Research --- Elites --- Engineering --- Financial Crisis --- Global Economy --- Globalization --- Good Governance --- Ict Policy and Strategies --- Information and Communication Technologies --- Innovation --- Insurance --- Macroeconomics and Economic Growth --- Market Economy --- Mobile Communications --- Private Sector --- Productivity --- Property Rights --- Public Investment --- Science and Technology Development --- Technology Innovation --- Telecommunications