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"This book considers the impact that economics had on Renaissance art. In late fifteenth-century Italy, there was increasing demand for goods of all types, including sustained demand for art which exerted significant pressure on sought-after painters. Analysing specific works, the book demonstrates the consequences of demand for decisions about production. It addresses questions of how master painters employed their workshops to fulfill the requirement for new works, and how, in the face of high demand, they produced works of quality. The book traces the careers of four artists whose work defined painting in late fifteenth-century Florence: Alessandro Botticelli, Domenico Ghirlandaio, Filippino Lippi and Pietro Perugino, men who turned out high volumes of work and attracted the patronage of prestigious patrons, and whose reputations for excellence were widely publicized. Economic questions have long fuelled research in art history and we know a significant amount about prices and business on a macro level. Less is known about decisions on the micro level: what approaches painters took to the manufacture of bodies of commissioned work, how they made daily decisions on design and pigments application, how serial production related to creating work for commissions. The book considers these issues within the framework of two arguments. The first asserts that levels of excellence in production reflected master painters' choices; the second contends there was a central relationship among economics, design and quality. Using documentary evidence about price, scientific evidence about production, and formal analysis about appearance, the book demonstrates Renaissance business practices and shows the individual approaches artists took to producing excellence and meeting demand"--

Painting, Renaissance --- Artists' studios --- Peinture de la Renaissance --- Ateliers d'artiste --- Economic aspects --- Aspect économique --- Florence (Italy) --- Economic conditions --- History --- Lippi, Filippino --- Botticelli, Sandro --- Ghirlandaio, Domenico --- Perugino, Pietro --- Painting --- anno 1400-1499 --- anno 1500-1599 --- Florence --- History. --- Florence, school van

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Applied arts. Arts and crafts --- anno 1400-1499 --- anno 1500-1599 --- Italy

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This unique volume offers a comprehensive discussion of essential theoretical and methodological issues concerning the pivotal role of working memory in second language learning and processing. The collection opens with a foreword and introductory theoretical chapters written by leading figures in the field of cognitive psychology. Following these are three research sections containing chapters providing original data and innovative insights into the dynamic and complex relationships between working memory and specific areas of second language processing, instruction, performance and development. Each section concludes with a commentary which is written by a noted SLA researcher and which charts the course for future research. This book provides a fascinating collection of perspectives on the relationship between working memory and second language learning and will appeal to those interested in the integration of cognitive psychology with SLA research.

Second language acquisition --- Memory. --- Psycholinguistics. --- Language, Psychology of --- Language and languages --- Psychology of language --- Speech --- Linguistics --- Psychology --- Thought and thinking --- Retention (Psychology) --- Intellect --- Comprehension --- Executive functions (Neuropsychology) --- Mnemonics --- Perseveration (Psychology) --- Reproduction (Psychology) --- Second language learning --- Language acquisition --- Psychological aspects. --- Psychological aspects --- Bilingualism and Cognition. --- Cognitive Psychology. --- Executive Control. --- Instructed SLA. --- L2 Interaction. --- Language and Cognition. --- Phonological Short-term Memory. --- Second Language Acquisition and Processing. --- Second Language Acquisition. --- Working Memory. --- second language development. --- second language instruction. --- second language performance.