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Le système éducatif français a des performances partagées. Les bons résultats généraux de l’éducation pré-scolaire et élémentaire contrastent avec des universités publiques sous-financées où le taux d’abandon est élevé alors que coexistent, parallèlement, des institutions d’enseignement supérieur très performantes pour les élites. La formation initiale, en particulier l’enseignement secondaire et les universités, ainsi que les politiques du marché du travail elles-mêmes, ne parviennent pas toujours à améliorer de manière significative l’insertion professionnelle d’une partie importante des jeunes. Si une partie de la gestion de l’éducation a été décentralisée, les institutions du système éducatif elles-mêmes n’ont en général qu’un degré très limité d’autonomie. Le système d’évaluation des performances et d’incitation doit être revu. Ce document de travail est en rapport avec l’Étude économique sur la France de l’OCDE de l’année 2007 (www.oecd.org/eco/survey/france), et est également disponible en anglais, avec le titre “Enhancing incentives to improve performance in the education system in France”.

Economics --- France

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OECD indicators of structural policy show that policy changes in Italy since 1998 should have improved the environment for entrepreneurship significantly, but in the same period its economic performance has deteriorated noticeably. This may be partly because there is a difference between policy measures intended by the government or parliament and their impact on the business environment perceived by entrepreneurs. There is no certainty as to what are the main culprits, but a number of policy steps would help to improve the situation. These include better thought out and better written legislation and implementing regulations, more use of performance-oriented management in public administration, and further streamlining and reduction of incentives to procrastination in the judicial system. Legislative simplification and transparency will increase economic efficiency in themselves, while also making a contribution to reducing the incentives and opportunities for corruption and organised crime to flourish. Clear operational independence with accountability is essential for bodies monitoring and assessing the extent of corruption. This Working Paper relates to the 2013 OECD Economic Survey of Italy (www.oecd.org/eco/surveys/Italy).

Governance --- Economics --- Italy

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Sustainable development is a key theme in policy making in Norway. Although it owes a considerable part of its wealth to the carbon-based economy, Norway gives priority to the objectives embodied in the OECD Green Growth Strategy and sees itself as a pioneer in some areas. The sustainable development strategy, an integral part of the documentation for the 2008 budget, spelt out the key principles that were intended to guide policymaking and a set of quantitative indicators that are intended to give an indication of progress. Its focus on preserving natural capital and the precautionary principle can indeed be seen to be reflected in Norway’s policy aims on climate change and on fisheries, two otherwise rather different problems. Another principle is the use of costefficient means to achieve these policy objectives. In many ways Norway has pioneered the use of such measures, introducing a CO2 tax early on and adopting individual quotas in fisheries. But in other ways policy prevents them from playing their full role, exempting significant sectors from the CO2 tax and now from the emission trading system, and restricting the tradability of quotas in fishing. This document explores these issues, noting that some potential conflicts between sustainable development objectives could be given fuller recognition, and that Norway can and should follow through more strongly the logic of its pioneering use of economic incentives to further sustainability goals. This Working Paper relates to the 2010 Economic Survey of Norway. (www.oecd.org/eco/surveys/Norway)

Economics --- Norway

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The French education system has a mixed record. A generally very successful pre-school and primary school level contrasts with underfunded public universities with high dropout rates which exist alongside very successful higher education institutions for elites. Initial education, especially secondary education and the universities, along with labour market policies themselves, do not always succeed in improving labour market entry for a significant proportion of young people. Parts of the management of education have been decentralised, yet educational institutions themselves generally have a very restricted degree of autonomy. The system of performance measurement and incentives, at all levels of education, needs to be reviewed. This Working Paper relates to the 2007 OECD Economic Survey of France (www.oecd.org/eco/survey/france), and is also available in French under the title “Renforcer les incitations à une meilleure performance du système éducatif en France”.

Economics --- France