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History of France --- anno 1800-1999 --- Paris --- Merchants --- -Stores, Retail --- -Retail stores --- Shops --- Commercial buildings --- Retail trade --- Shopping centers --- Businesspeople --- Political activity --- -History --- -Paris (France) --- -Politics and government --- -Political activity --- Stores, Retail --- Retail stores --- History --- Paris (France) --- Politics and government. --- Commerce

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A new perspective on the calamitous fall of France in 1940 and why blame has been misplaced ever since In this revisionist account of France's crushing defeat in 1940, a world authority on French history argues that the nation's downfall has long been misunderstood. Philip Nord assesses France's diplomatic and military preparations for war with Germany, its conduct of the war once the fighting began, and the political consequences of defeat on the battlefield. He also tracks attitudes among French leaders once defeat seemed a likelihood, identifying who among them took advantage of the nation's misfortunes to sabotage democratic institutions and plot an authoritarian way forward. Nord finds that the longstanding view that France's collapse was due to military unpreparedeness and a decadent national character is unsupported by fact. Instead, he reveals that the Third Republic was no worse prepared and its military failings no less dramatic than those of the United States and other Allies in the early years of the war. What was unique in France was the betrayal by military and political elites who abandoned the Republic and supported the reprehensible Vichy takeover. Why then have historians and politicians ever since interpreted the defeat as a judgment on the nation as a whole? Why has the focus been on the failings of the Third Republic and not on elite betrayal? The author examines these questions in a fascinating conclusion.

World War, 1939-1945 --- 2ème Guerre mondiale --- Campaigns --- Campagnes et batailles --- Année 1940 --- Guerre mondiale (1939-1945) --- France --- Politique et gouvernement --- 2ème Guerre mondiale --- Année 1940. --- Année 1940.

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Thematology --- History as a science --- anno 1940-1949 --- France

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Dans ce livre publié fin 2020 par le grand historien américain Philip Nord aborde la façon dont la Déportation a été commémorée en France de 1945 à nos jours. Il établit comment la mémoire de la Déportation a d’emblée été politisée, dans un contexte national et international changeant, et surtout comment elle a donné lieu à un récit polyphonique aux motifs multiples, provenant de voix diverses – juive, catholique, communiste et gaulliste –, tantôt concurrentes, tantôt en dialogue les unes avec les autres. Envisageant la mémoire de la Déportation au croisement de l’histoire politique et de l’histoire culturelle, l’auteur s’intéresse aussi bien aux histoires racontées par et sur les déportés après la guerre qu’à la façon dont la littérature, l’art, le cinéma, les monuments et les cérémonies leur ont donné forme.

Holocaust survivors --- Collective memory --- Holocaust, Jewish (1939-1945) --- Holocaust, Jewish (1939-1945) --- Public opinion

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For decades, scholars and public intellectuals have been predicting the demise of religion in the face of secularization. Yet religion is undergoing an unprecedented resurgence in modern life-and secularization no longer appears so inevitable. Formations of Belief brings together many of today's leading historians to shed critical light on secularism's origins, its present crisis, and whether it is as antithetical to religion as it is so often made out to be.Formations of Belief offers a more nuanced understanding of the origins of secularist thought, demonstrating how Reformed Christianity and the Enlightenment were not the sole vessels of a worldview based on rationalism and individual autonomy. Taking readers from late antiquity to the contemporary era, the contributors show how secularism itself can be a form of belief and yet how its crisis today has been brought on by its apparent incapacity to satisfy people's spiritual needs. They explore the rise of the humanistic study of religion in Europe, Jewish messianism, atheism and last rites in the Soviet Union, the cult of the saints in colonial Mexico, religious minorities and Islamic identity in Pakistan, the neuroscience of religion, and more.Based on the Shelby Cullom Davis Center Seminars at Princeton University, this incisive book features illuminating essays by Peter Brown, Yaacob Dweck, Peter E. Gordon, Anthony Grafton, Brad S. Gregory, Stefania Pastore, Caterina Pizzigoni, Victoria Smolkin, Max Weiss, and Muhammad Qasim Zaman.

Religion --- Secularism --- History